Cardiovascular #3 Flashcards
what is Coronary artery disease
it happens when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow, stiff, or blocked.
what are the risk factors of CAD
obestiy
family history
smoking
physical inactivity
increasing age
hypertension
what is angina. and the two types
chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood, often due to narrowed or blocked arteries.
usually tansient and occurs with increased physical exertion or stress.
stable angina= predicatable. resolves with rest and use of nitroglycerine
unstable angina= unpredictable. may occur at rest and is of increasing severity, length and/or frequency.
requires a type of antithombotic
myocardial infarction
happens when a coronary artery gets completely blocked, stopping blood flow to part of the heart.
usually happens when a fatty plaque in the heart artery burst and a blood clot forms, blocking the artery.
causing a lack of oxygen
signs and symptoms of MI, and on Obs
pain - in chest, neck, jaw, shoulder, back and arm
sweating
pallor
nausea/vomiting
feeling anxiety
SOB
dyspnoea (difficult breathing/painful breathing)
extreme fatigue
S+S on observation
- abnormal heart sounds
- ECG changes
- cardiac enzymes
- increase HR and BP
what are the complications from MI
Arrhythmias/dysrhythmia (abnormal heart beat)
angina
re-infarction
heart failure
what are the management options of MI
Needs to immediate
- OBS
- MONA - morphine (for pain), Oxygen (increase oxygen levels), Nitrates (Vasodilation), Asprin (anti-platelet)
- ECG
- reperfusion therapy
thrombolysis = breakdown blood clot
percutaneous coronary intervention
angiogram - x-ray for vessels
angioplasty - open up the blockage/vessel possibly with stent
- by pass surgery
what is arrhythmia
problems with the hearts electrical signals.
Atrial fibrillation
when the upper chambers of the heart get chaotic electrical signals, causing them to quiver instead of beating normally. leads to irregular HR. most common type of arrhythmia. most common in adults.
what are the three life threatening dysrthymias
Ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
asystole
ventricular tachycardia
abnormal and rapid discharge of electrical signals in the ventricles. causes the heart to beat 150-200beats/min. means the heart doesnt have enough time to fill with blood between beats. this lowers the amount of blood pumped out and causes a drop in BP.
symptoms= palpitations, chest pain, SOB, dizziness or fainting.
defibrillation may be needed to resest the heart to a normal rhythm.
ventricular fibrillation
when the ventrcles quiver instead of pumping properly. meaning that the heart cant pump any blood out, so there is no cardiac output, leading to cardiac arrest.
a person will quickly loose consiousness and stop breathing
defib is needed immediatly to try to restore a normal rythm and save a persons life
Asystole
when there is no electrical activity in the heart
this is a form of cardiac arrest
asystole is the final stage the heart reaches if not treated quickly
it is not a shockable rhythm, so no defib
a high quality CPR must be started quickly. and adrenaline is used .
heart failure
when the heart cant supply enough blood to meet the bodys demands
Left side heart failure
- not pumping blood into the systemic circuit.
- decreased cardiac output in systemic circuit and - pulmonary congestion
that leads to pulmonary hypertension and oedema - impaired gas exchange
S+S = shortness of breath, dyspnoea.
due to - hypertension, coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction or cardiomypathy
Right side heart failure
Not pumping into the pulmonary circut
- decreased cardiac output in the pulmonary circuit and systemic venous congestion
- venous hypertension
- peripheral oedema
- hepatosplenomegaly (liver and the spleen enlarge from all the congestion and hypertesnion of blood flow in the venous circuit).
-liver failure
S+S = jugular vein distension, oedema (swelling), pulmonary dysfunction (because of the decrease cardiac output going to the lungs).
