cardiovascular #2

Question 1

what is anemia

Answer 1

anemia is when there is not enough healthy red blood cells or hemeglobin in the body to carry oxygen around.

this is due to:
- decreased RBC/hemeglobin
- decreased production of RBC
- increased loss of RBC
- increased desctruction of RBC

general signs and symptoms:
- fatigue
-cold
-paleness
-shortness of breath
-dizzyness or lightheadedness
- jaundice
- heart pulpitations
- gastrointestional effects (nausea)
- neurlogical effects (numbness, tingling)

Question 2

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 2

decreased in iron

decreased in iron= decreased in hemeglobin synthesis

Question 3

causes of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 3

decreased intake (not enough iron in diet)
decreased absorption
increased loss (increased iron loss )
increased demand

Question 4

what are the risk factors of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 4

periods of growth
pregnancy
heavy menstruation
poor diet
blood loss
conditions causing inflammation of the intestines (chrones disease)

Question 5

what is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia

Answer 5

iron supplementation:
note - calcium blocks the absorption of iron. Vitamin C enhances the absorption.
side effects = nausea, dark stool, constipation

Question 6

what is macrocytic anemias

Answer 6

when red blood cells are larger than normal and are immature.
they dont have the normal oxygen carrying capacity due to the deficiency of vit B12 and folic acid.

Question 7

causes of macrocytic anemias

Answer 7

Vitamin B12 deficiency (poor diet, digestive issues)
folic acid deficiency (poor diet, pregnancy alcohol)
alcohol (affects how the body absorbs vitimans)

Question 8

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 8

= widespread clotting within or throughout the blood vessel

be able to draw out that diagram

Question 9

Deep vein thrombis

Answer 9

abnormally formed blood clot in a deep vein

Question 10

what are factors that promote DVT

Answer 10

endothelial damage (surgery)
blood statis (decreased blood flow/blood pooling)
hypercoagulability (increased clotting factors)

Question 11

what happens with DVT

Answer 11

may breakdown on its own
may become organised (infiltrate to vessel walls)
may dislodge itself and become a embolus - risk for pulmonary embolism

Question 12

what is pulmonary embolism and treatment options

Answer 12

when an embolus gets stuck in a pulmonary artery

= no blood flow and no gas exchange

small PE = only a small amount of alveoli are affected
S+S = cough, pain, shortness of breath, Increased RR and HR

Large PE = alot of the alveoli are affected
S+S = hemodynamic compromise —> shock, respiratory/cardiac failure

treatment options:
asprin - prophylaxis = antiplatelet = decrease platelet binding

Anti coagulants - warfrin = blocks vitiman K which is needed to activate some clotting factors