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Animals in Society > Cattle Housing > Flashcards

Cattle Housing Flashcards

1
Q

Why are growing and adult cattle housed in colder/wetter months?

A

due to poor quality and growth of grass - which is needed for supplementary feeding
Damage to pastures in winter

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2
Q

What do we need to consider when thinking about housing design?

A

airspace
stocking density /cm2
ventilation
feeding
water
bedding
flooring
drainage
ability to clean and disinfect
fittings
movement + restraint
waste production/disposal

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3
Q

airspace?

A

cubic metres of air per animal

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4
Q

stocking density?

A

cm2 per animal

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5
Q

ventilation?

A

exchanges of air / hour

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6
Q

feeding?

A

access to deliver and to eat

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7
Q

water?

A

access and quality

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8
Q

bedding?

A

amount and type

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9
Q

Flooring?

A

type and maintenance

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10
Q

Drainage?

A

slopes and drains

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11
Q

ability to clean and disinfect?

A

hygiene and dirty cows

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12
Q

fittings?

A

type and condition - doesn’t cause injury to cattle

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13
Q

movement and restraint of housed animals?

A

access of the cows from our perspective and design

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14
Q

waste production/disposal?

A

slurry removal and disposal

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15
Q

waste from an adult dairy cow?

A

urine production - 50ml/kg/day (600kg cow = 30L/day)
Faeces - Dairy cow 30-50kg/day

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16
Q

what are the essential provisions that we consider for an audit?

A

floor space, floors & bedding, group size, grouping, feeding, water, ventilation, air space, lighting, handling facilities, equipment condition, capacity

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17
Q

what does appropriate ventilation rates result in?

A

removal of heat
reduction in humidity
removal and reduction of CO2, NH3 concs
removal/reduction of airborne organisms (reduction of atmospheric load)

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18
Q

what is a common mistake that is made concerning ventilation?

A

is to reduced ventilation rates in cold weather to retain heat

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19
Q

What is atmospheric bacterial and viral load reduced by?

A

sedimentation (gravitates to the ground)
ventilation (IMPORTANT)
death of organism (low levels of humidity)

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20
Q

what do we need to keep the relative humidity at?

A

keep below 80% if possible

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21
Q

why can’t we always keep humidity below 80%?

A
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22
Q

what should the patterns of air flow through a well designed building?

A

hot air rises and fresh air is drawn into the building
there should be an open ridge and gaps under the eaves of the roof

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23
Q

how do we measure airflow and ventilation?

A

smoke bombs

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24
Q

how do we measure stocking density and airspace?

A

tape measure or laser pointer

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25
Q

how do we measure relative humidity?

A

dry/wet thermometer

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26
Q

typical design of a calf house?

A

open ridge / ventilation
slatted boards / ventilation
perspex skylight for increasing light
straw bales kennels for insulation
1/20 fall for drainage
feed passage for access between the rows

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27
Q

signs of a good strawed area + loafing area + feeding area?

A

appropriate stocking density
sufficient air space
good feed access
good ventilation
appropriate bedding
appropriate water supply

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28
Q

what will the addition of a light ridge do?

A

it will improve ventilation and increase the amount of natural lighting

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29
Q

point of feed barriers?

A

allow animals to eat unhindered by other cattle and prevents food tossing

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30
Q

requirements of feeder?

A

all cattle need to be able to access the feed barrier at the same time

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31
Q

slats?

A

underground waste disposal system - savings as no bedding is used - you can have slatted floor without rubber matter or with

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32
Q

abbattoirs may reject what cows?

A

dirty cows

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33
Q

clean cows reduced risk of meat contaminated with what diseases?

A

E.coli 0157
Campylobacter
Salmonella

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34
Q

cubicle?

A

an independent protected space for an individual

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35
Q

where are cubical systems commonly used?

A

used for housing adult dairy cattle especially in areas where straw is expensive and in short supply

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36
Q

cubicle design features?

A

individual space - without cross-lying
be able to get in and out easily w/o injury
comfort - increase lying times (ruminating) - to ruminate - 12-14 hours ish
clean and dry
lunge space - for getting up
maximise the use of spenny housing

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37
Q

partitions?

A

providing maximum space with minimal interference

38
Q

lung spaces?

A

to front and possibly side

39
Q

head rail?

A

pushes cow back to defaecate/urinate in passageway

40
Q

slope?

A

cows like to lie uphill (slope 10-13cm front to rear)

41
Q

Brisket board?

A

avoids cow getting too close to wall (preserve lunge space)

42
Q

kerb?

A

not too high, cows do not like backing off of high kerb

43
Q

surface?

A

comfortable, avoids injury (sand, mattress, plus bedding)

44
Q

in what type of housing is their a higher incidence of lameness?

A

animals housed in cubicles than in straw yards

45
Q

how long should cows lie down for daily?

A

12-14 hours daily

46
Q

in which housing is there a higher incidence of lameness compared with straw yards?

A

higher incidence of lameness in animals housed in cubicles than in straw yards

47
Q

poor cubicle design signs?

A

walking and standing in slurry
Less time spent lying down
More time standing
Physical trauma
Physical damage and impact forces feet

48
Q

why is good lighting essential for dairy cattle housing?

A

it is essential for efficient and safe working

49
Q

vermin?

A

badger and birds

50
Q

Birds (that are classed as vermin) eat?

A

TMR

51
Q

Cubicles advantages?

A

Less bedding required
Flexibility w/ bedding materials
Lower risk of environmental mastitis
Higher stocking rate

52
Q

Cubicles disadvantages?

A

Passageways contaminated with slurry
Increased risk of lameness/ leg damage

53
Q

environmental mastitis?

A

fresh layer of bedding on top of dirty bedding, very humid, ferments

54
Q

Straw yards advantages?

A

lower risk of lameness
Lower risk of damage to knees and hocks

55
Q

Straw yards disadvantages?

A

lower stocking rate
more bedding required
increased risk of environmental mastitis
Loafing areas contaminated with slurry

56
Q

TMR?

A

total mixed rations, a mix of feeds that is formulated to a specific nutrient content

57
Q

what is good ventilation for dairy cattle housing?

A

a covered open ridge and moving curtain sidewalls

58
Q

Problem with walking and standing in slurry?

A

softens the horn of the hoof

59
Q

Problems with less time spent lying down?

A

reduced rumination

60
Q

problem with more time standing?

A

foot anoxia - blood flow slow

61
Q

What kind of physical trauma can cattle experience from poor design of cubicles?

A

damaged hocks and carpi

62
Q

What poor design can result in physical damage and cause impact forces feet?

A

narrow passage ways
and sharp turns

63
Q

What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with bare concrete cubicle beds?

A

7.2 hours (when it should be 12-14 hours)

64
Q

What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with chopped straw on concrete bed?

A

14.1 hours

65
Q

What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with cow cushion bed?

A

14.4 hours

66
Q

For the rubber filled mattress stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?

A

89%

67
Q

For the sand stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?

A

79%

68
Q

For the mat stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?

A

65%

69
Q

For the concrete stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?

A

39%

70
Q

What do we have to consider concerning floor space as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

sufficient floor space in order to meet the minimum requirement of welfare codes and assurance schemes, ideally 20% more than this

71
Q

What do we have to consider concerning floors and bedding as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

bedding needs to be adequate to keep floors dry throughout the winter

72
Q

What do we have to consider concerning group size as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

are they in manageable sized groups
steers and heifers should be less than 40 animals in a group
Bulls should be less than 20 animals in a group

73
Q

What do we have to consider concerning grouping as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

the groups needs to be well matched in terms of sex and size

74
Q

What do we have to consider concerning feeding as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

the food needs to be ready to access, under cover, ensuring that it is not wasted through poor trough or barrier design,
make sure there is minimal access for birds and rodents

75
Q

What do we have to consider concerning water as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

can all stock access unlimited quantities of clean drinking water all the time

76
Q

What do we have to consider concerning ventilation as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

Is ventilation generous throughout your buildings? look for good inlets to bring in fresh air and good outlets for stale air

77
Q

What do we have to consider concerning air space as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

does the space exceed the minimum welfare requirements

78
Q

What do we have to consider concerning lighting as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

is the current lighting sufficient to ensure all cattle can be inspected day or night

79
Q

What do we have to consider concerning handling facilities as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

are these adequate for safe and easy handling of all categories of stock that need to managed

80
Q

What do we have to consider concerning equipment condition as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

regular inspections? maintain barriers and gates, pens, floors etc. to ensure stress free handling and avoid injury to staff or stock

81
Q

What do we have to consider concerning capacity as an essential provision for cattle housing?

A

Do you have sufficient capacity to meet routine needs such as quarantine and to deal with crises, such as infections

82
Q

typical daily time eating for lactating dairy cow?

A

3-5 hours

83
Q

how many meals does a lactating dairy cow have a day?

A

9-14 meals per day

84
Q

typical daily time lying/resting for lactating dairy cow?

A

12-14 hours

85
Q

typical daily time for social interaction for lactating dairy cow?

A

2-3 hours

86
Q

typical daily time ruminating for lactating dairy cow?

A

7-10 hours

87
Q

typical daily time drinking for lactating dairy cow?

A

0.5 hours

88
Q

typical daily time non housing time (milking, travel time) for lactating dairy cow?

A

2.5 - 3.5 hours

89
Q

which is more important when decreasing airborne bacterial/viral density, Space allowance or ventilation?

A

space allowance
A tenfold increase in ventilation rate is only 2/3 as effective as doubling the airspace

90
Q

tenfold?

A

ten times greater

91
Q

what determines 90% of bacterial and viral load?

A

stocking density

92
Q
A

Animals in Society (17 decks)

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