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PHARMACY PRACTICE II > CATARACT > Flashcards

CATARACT Flashcards

1
Q

Cataract

A

Loss of lens transparency due to opacification of the lens

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2
Q

Types of cataracts

A

Age-related cataracts
Paediatric cataracts
Cataracts due to other causes

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3
Q

Most prevalent type of cataract in adults

A

Age-related cataracts

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4
Q

Most prevalent cataracts in children

A

Hereditary
Metabolic

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5
Q

Onset of cataracts in adults

A

40 to 50 years

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6
Q

Which cells does the lens develop from

A

Surface ectoderm

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7
Q

Shape of the lens

A

Biconvex

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8
Q

Site of the lens

A

Patellar fossa

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9
Q

Functions of the lens

A

Causes refraction and focuses light onto the retina

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10
Q

Parts of the lens

A

Lens capsule
Lens epithelium
Lens fibres
Lens zonules

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11
Q

Two main parts of the lens

A

Nucleus (older fibers)
Cortex (younger fibers)

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12
Q

Leading cause of blindness in Ghana and

A

Cataract

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13
Q

Leading cause of reversible blindness in the world

A

Cataract

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14
Q

Causes or aetiology of cataract

A

Age
Endocrine diseases
Systemic diseases
Ocular diseases
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Genetic
Drugs

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15
Q

Endocrine diseases that cause cataracts

A

Diabetes
Galactosemia
Homocystinuria
Hydpoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Wilson’s disease
Malnutrition

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16
Q

Systemic diseases that cause cataract

A

Atopic dermatitis
Myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis type 2
HIV/AIDS

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17
Q

Ocular diseases that cause cataract

A

Retinitis pigmentosa
Chronic anterioir uveitis
Stickler syndrome
High myopia

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18
Q

most common cause of cataracts

A

Age

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19
Q

Medications that cause cataracts

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Corticosteroids

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20
Q

Mechanisms of age related cataracts

A

Congenital cataract
Subcapsular cataract
Cortical cataract
Nuclear cataract

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21
Q

Congenital cataract

A

Disturbances occurring at any level of lens growth

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22
Q

Subcapsular cataract

A

Fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium

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23
Q

Cortical catarct

A

Cortical hydration between lens fibres

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24
Q

Nuclear cataract

A

Deposition of certain pigments i.E. Urochrome

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25
Q

Pathophysiology of cataract

A

Denaturation and coagulatation of lens proteins present in the lens fibres which results in loss of transparency and ultimately cataract formation.

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26
Q

Causes of non-age related cataracts

A

Photo-oxidation
Trauma
Chemical insults

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27
Q

Risk factors for cataracts

A

Age
Socioeconomic status
Race
Genetic factors
Cigarette smokin
Alcohol
Hypertension
Hypocalcemia
Diet
UV-B exposure
Type 2 DM
Renal impairment

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28
Q

Which race has the highest prevalence of cataracts

A

Caucasians

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29
Q

Types of cataracts based on location

A

Nuclear cataracts
Cortical cataract
Posterior subcapsular cataracts
Congenital cataracts

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30
Q

Classification of cataracts based on maturity

A

Mature
Immature
Hypermature

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31
Q

Mature cataract

A

Lens is completely opaque

32
Q

Immature cataract

A

Lens is partially opaque

33
Q

Hypermature (Morganian) cataract

A

Cataract is shrunken and wrinkled anterior capsule due to leakage of water out of the lens

34
Q

Type of cataract associated with myopia

A

Nuclear cataract

35
Q

This type of cataract causes difficulty distinguishing between shades of color and clouds your vision.

A

Nuclear cataract

36
Q

Cataract caused by central opacity in the lens

A

Nuclear cataract

37
Q

Cataract that occurs in the equator or periphery of the cortex

A

Cortical cataract

38
Q

This type of cataract has little effect on vision

A

Cortical cataract

39
Q

In cortical cataracts vision is worse in…….

A

Very bright light

40
Q

People with high levels of sunlight exposure have twice the risk of developing…….. cataracts

A

Cortical

41
Q

This type of cataract starts as a small opaque area usually near the back of the lens, right in the path of light

A

Posterior subcapsular cataract

42
Q

Effects of posterior subcapsular cataract

A

Interferes with reading vision
Reduces your vision in bright light
Causes glare or halos around lights at night.

43
Q

Role of B-Scan in cataract investigations

A

to see retinal detachment or any vitreous pathology

44
Q

Role of biometry in cataract investigatiosn

A

for intraocular lens placement during surgery

45
Q

Tonometry

A

To rule out glaucoma

46
Q

Fundoscopy

A

to rule out any vitreous or retinal pathology

47
Q

Investigations in cataract

A

Visual acuity tests
Slit-lamp examinations
Ophthalmoscopy
Peripheral retinal assessment
B-Scan
Biometry
Fundoscopy
Tonometry

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of cataract

A

Blurred or hazy vision
Increases sensitivity to glare
Reduced color perception
Double vision in one eye
Need for brighter light
Increased frequency to change refractive glasses

49
Q

Lifestyle modifications

A

Quitting smoking
Wearing sunglasses with UV protection
Healthy diet

50
Q

Surgical techniques for cataracts

A

Extracapsular cataract extraction
Intracapsular cataract extraction
Phacoemulsification

51
Q

Intracapsular cataract extraction

A

opacified lens and capsule are removed in one piece

52
Q

Extracapsular cataract extraction

A

Hard central nucleus is removed in one piece and then the soft cortex is removed in multiple small pieces

53
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

The hard central nucleus is dissolved by ultrasound and then the soft cortex is removed in multiple small pieces

54
Q

Drugs use pre-operatively in cataract surgery

A

Povidone-Iodine
Cefuroxime
Tropicamide with Phenyephrine and Lidocaine

54
Q

Povidone-Iodine

A

Cutaneous peri-ocular and conjunctival antisepsis before ocular surgery

54
Q

Cefuroxim

A

Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after catarct surgery

55
Q

APROKAM

A

Cefuroxime

56
Q

Tropicamide with Phenylephrine and Lidocaine

A

Mydriasis and intraocular anaesthesia during cataract surgery by intracameral injection

57
Q

Complications of cataract surgery

A

Choroidal hemorrhage
Endophthalmitis
Cystoid macular oedema
Retinal detachment

58
Q

Nepafenac

A

Prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery

58
Q

NSAIDS used in cataracts

A

Nepafenac
Dicofenac
Bromfenac

59
Q

Diclofenac sodium

A

Inhibition of intra-operative miosis during cataract surgery Postoperative inflammation in cataract surgery.

60
Q

NEVANAC

A

Nepafenac

60
Q

Bromfenac

A

Postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery

61
Q

VOLTAROL

A

Diclofenac sodium

62
Q

YELLOX

A

Bromfenac

63
Q

Antibiotics used for cataracts

A

Fluoroquinolones
Gatifloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin

64
Q

ZYMAXID

A

Gatifloxacin

64
Q

MOXIVIG

A

Moxifloxacin

64
Q

EXOCIN

A

Ofloxacin

65
Q

ZYMAR

A

Gatifloxacin

66
Q

BETNESOL

A

Betamethasone

66
Q

MAXIDEX

A

Dexamethasone

66
Q

Steroids used in cataracts

A

Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Prednisolone
Fluorometholone

66
Q

PRED FORTE

A

Prednislone 1%

67
Q

Nutrients which prevent against development of cataracts

A

Vitamin A
Carotenoids
Vitamin C

PHARMACY PRACTICE II (17 decks)

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