🏖️Case Study - Odisha ICZM Flashcards
What is an ICZM?
A continuous and repeated process designed to promote sustainable management of coastal zones
What objectives do ICZMs bring together?
Different objectives for coastal areas so multiple social, economic, cultural and environmental goals can be achieved
Why did an ICZM work in Odisha?
Because a large area needed protection
Where is Odisha?
The East coast of India
Why is sustainability so important for Odisha?
India is a developing country where carrying out work in an economical way to reach as many goals as possible is more sustainable
Why are the local community stakeholders?
The live and work in the area, so any decisions made higher up will likely affect them and their livelihoods
Why are ecologists and wildlife specialists stakeholders?
Wildlife and the environment may be damaged so care must be taken to ensure that as little damage as possible is done
Why are local government officials stakeholders?
The ICZM will be carried out on state owned land, and could be partially or entirely funded by the government
Why is the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation a stakeholder?
Tourism is a crucial industry in the area so any negative impact would have huge social and economic repurcussions
Why is the Odisha State Pollution Control Board a stakeholder?
Any pollution caused by the ICZM could be controlled to reduce pollution in the air and water
Why were the fishing community stakeholders?
Many people rely on the sea for their source of income, so fishing communities were consulted on the effects the ICZM may have on their business
How big was the area of mangroves was planted in Odisha?
1435km2
Which organisations were involved?
State government
World Bank
Ministry of environment, forest and climate change
Why were mangroves necessary?
Mangroves provide habitats for endangered species such as the Olive Ridley turtle, as well as protecting the coast from erosion
When was the ICZM pilot project?
2010 - 2015
What are the benefits of planting mangroves?
Wind and swell waves reduced
Flooding impacts of storm surges reduced
Tsunami heights reduced
Roots bind and build soils
Cheap to plant
What is resilience?
The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties
What is adaption?
The process of change by which something becomes better suited to its environment
What is mitigation?
Reducing the severity of something
What are the landforms around Odisha like?
Many recent depositional landforms
What is the coastline made up of?
6 deltas, ‘hexadeltic region’
What is the Chilika lake like?
A salty lagoon, renowned for birdlife but less saline in monsoon season when diluted by rainfall
Where does the sediment around Odisha come from?
The six deltas, sediment is fluvial
How much of Odisha’s coastline is dynamic?
85.6%
Why is adaption and mitigation needed in Odisha?
It is frequently hit by tropical storms, cyclones
When was cyclone Phailin?
October 2013
How does Odisha show resilience?
Because people still live there despite the cyclones and threat of coastal changes and erosion.
How has the state adapted to the threats it faces?
Supplies ahead of any storms
Staged evacuations to mimic real evacuations
Warnings are broadcast of any incoming storms
Where is Odisha?
Eastern coast of India
480km of coastline on the Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean)
Risks: How much of the coastline is eroding?
36.8%
Risks: What has accelerated coastal erosion affected in recent years?
Coastal agriculture
Built environment
Habitats
Risks: Name 2 hazards this area is prone to having
Storms
Tsunamis
Risks: What’s the longer term threat to this area?
Rising sea levels
Risks: What is being over-exploited and rapidly becoming depleted?
What will the impact of this be?
Fish and minerals
Impacting the livelihoods of the coastal population
Risks: Why is it hard to know what will happen on this coastline?
86% of it is dynamic- making it very unpredictable
Rewards: Why do so many tourists come to the area?
For the beaches and wildlife sanctuaries
Rewards: Which types of energy is there huge potential for?
Offshore wind
Wave
Tidal
Rewards: What percentage of the coastline is laden with mineral and heavy metal deposits?
Why is this good?
35%
Could be sustainably extracted in the future
Rewards: Name one of rare animals found on the coastline
Olive Ridley turtles
Rewards: Why is there such a rich cultural heritage?
As cultural and archaeological sites are scattered across the coastline
Rewards: Why is coastal fishing so important?
It employs a large number of people full time
It employs people from coastal villages in the post-harvest fisheries sector
Why has little been done to mitigate and adapt in Odisha?
Any action taken could have devastating impacts on the area as so much of it is unpredictable
Mitigation: How many were evacuated before Cyclone Phailin?
1 million
Mitigation: Name 3 things that the authorities did before Cyclone Phailin struck
Broadcast warnings
Evacuate
Prepare relief supplies
Adaptation Key Points
Residents willing to alter way of life
Salt resistant rice grown- flooding and sea level rise
Tourism, earn a living
Fishermen changing livelihoods
Resilience: How have the people shown they are resilient?
Still live in the area with all the hazards
NGO’s teaching fishermen sustainable fishing methods, prevents over exploitation
ICZMP: What does ICZMP stand for?
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project
ICZMP: Why was this coastal management strategy adopted?
2011 Assessment of Shoreline Change Report showed localised strategies were doing more harm than good
ICZMP: Why is this project considered to be so good for the coastline as a whole?
As it consults all the stakeholders to find the best outcome
ICZMP: How many people did the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation consult at the Tampara eco-tourism site?
118
ICZMP: Why were fishermen consulted?
To discuss the impact on their livelihoods, and other skills they could learn so they weren’t dependant on fishing
ICZMP: Give an example of a site that the department of culutre went to to consult people?
How many did they consult?
British Cemetery and Potagada
18 people were consulted
ICZMP: Why were these consultations particular useful?
As they involved the local community, the authorities and experts to make informed decisions
ICZMP: Where are mangroves being restored?
Mahanadi Delta
Development of fisheries led to them being destroyed
ICZMP: How many km of mangroves has the Mahanadi Delta lost since 1960?
Around 4km
ICZMP: What event were mangroves shown to be so useful?
Super-Cyclone Kalina, villages with less than 3km of mangroves saw a sharp rise in deaths
Villages with over 4km saw no deaths at all
ICZMP: Why are mangroves such a good sea defence?
They are natural and don’t impact the local ecology
How long is the coastline and how does this compare to Slapton/
480km which is much larger than Slapton’s 14km coast
How many fishermen are there and what % are actively engaged in fishing in coastal water?
88,000 - 76%
What was there among stakeholders and so what was adopted?
Conflict of interest so an ICZM approach was adopted
When did the ICZM implement a pilot and how far did this cover?
2010 which covered 190km of coast
How many stakeholders have been given funding to go away from economic activity?
600
What does the scheme undergo?
Constant evaluation
How many hectares of mangrove have been protected?
323
How have they developed tourism?
Developed tourism at 6 sites which is a more sustainable industry
How much has tourism risen by?
31%
How much has tourism income and employment risen by?
55%
What and how many were set up to offer protection from cyclones and flooding?
14 disaster protection shelters
What are the shelters used as in normal days?
Classrooms, social centres and vaccine centres
What has been done in the most erosion prone areas?
505m of gabions
What and how many do the gabbions protect?
41,000 people in villages and 6000 hectares of farmland
Schemes inland to provide employment
Becoming a dairy or poultry farmer
What is done before tropical storms?
Broadcast warnings and stage evacuation
How is the coastline dynamic?
Largely accreting at 46.8% with 36.8% eroding and only 14.6% being stable
What opportunities are there regarding raw materials?
Oil, natural gas and seabed mining
How is the ecology unique?
Mangroves, salt marshes, Olive Ridley turtles and sea grass meadows
How much mangrove forest is in Bhitarkanika and how many species are there?
1435 sqkm with more than 82 species
