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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🌋Case Study - Eyjafjallajokull 2010 > Flashcards

🌋Case Study - Eyjafjallajokull 2010 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of plate boundary is Eyjafjallajokull on?

A

Constructive

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2
Q

Where is Eyjafjallajokull?

A

Southern Iceland, beneath an ice cap

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3
Q

Which plates are involved?

A

Eurasian plate is moving east, North American plate is moving west

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4
Q

How fast are the plates moving?

A

2.5cm per year

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5
Q

Why does magma rise?

A

Because there’s lower pressure at the surface

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6
Q

What is a Jökulhlaup?

A

A flow of meltwater from a volcano and ice cap

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7
Q

How many people died in the eruption?

A

0

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8
Q

How many people were evacuated?

A

500 farmers and their families

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9
Q

What happened to the roads around the volcano before the eruption?

A

They were shut down to prevent people using them

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10
Q

What did the ash do to local water supplies?

A

Contaminated them with high concentrations of fluoride

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11
Q

How was the ash redistributed?

A

By winds, pumped high into the atmosphere above Northern and Western Europe

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12
Q

Why were the such disruptions to aircraft?

A

The particles in the ash clog up the plane engines as they attempt to fly through them

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13
Q

How much money was lost per day by airlines?

A

£130 million according to the IATA

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14
Q

How many flights were cancelled?

A

107,000, 48% of total air traffic and affecting 10 million people

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15
Q

How did the eruption affect Kenya?

A

20% of their economy is based on export of green vegetables and flowers to Europe and are transported by air

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16
Q

How many Kenyan farmers were temporarily unemployed?

A

50,000

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17
Q

How much CO2 was released into the air every day of the eruption?

A

30,000 tonnes

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18
Q

How did people in rural areas of Iceland have to protect themselves?

A

They had to wear goggles and face masks to prevent them inhaling the ash or it getting into their eyes. Visibility was less than a few meters.

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19
Q

What was done to the main road in Iceland as a primary response to eruption warnings?

A

The embankments were removed and the road collapsed to prevent further damage by floodwaters.

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20
Q

How did the Icelandic Red Cross respond?

A

By mobilising 35 staff and volunteers, opening four shelters and allowing 200+ people to take refuge there

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21
Q

How did Amsterdam’s Schiphol airport respond?

A

1500 beds were there for stranded travellers

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22
Q

What was done to roads after the eruption?

A

They were reconstructed, including Iceland’s Route 1 to again allow people to move around the country

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23
Q

How were flood defences responded to?

A

They were reconstructed and strengthened to protect locals form any further flooding?

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24
Q

What kinds of research were done in response?

A

Research into the effects of ash on aircraft so that if a similar eruption were to happen then the losses could be minimised

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25
Q

What was the response to Iceland’s rivers?

A

The ash was dug it of the bottom of them to make them deeper and prevent further flooding

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26
Q

What did the Icelandic National Society do?

A

Provided psychological support particularly for children who had been traumatised by the loud explosions from the eruption.

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27
Q

The USGS provided…

A

…scientists for the ICAO’s international task force and worked with the UK met office to improve ash forecasting

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28
Q

Eruption: When was the main eruption?

A

19th April 2010

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29
Q

Eruption: When did the eruption start?

A

20th March 2010

30
Q

Eruption: How high did the ash plume rise?

A

11km

31
Q

Eruption: Where was the dominant lava flow?

A

To the west, but there was one to the east too

32
Q

Eruption: Why was ash distributed at a high velocity?

A

Due to the jetstreams above Iceland

33
Q

Eruption: What percentage of the ash plume was under 10 micro metres?

A

24%

34
Q

I.R.: How many farmers and their families were evacuated in Iceland? What kind of farmers were they?

A

500- mainly sheep farmers

35
Q

P.E.: How many farms were destroyed by flooding and ash?

A

20

36
Q

P. E.: What happened to some of the lambs?

A

They died- possibly because of high levels of ash

37
Q

P. E.: How thick was the ice cap that melted?

A

150m

38
Q

S. E.: Which flights were cancelled?

A

European and Trans-Atlantic flights

39
Q

S. E.: How much of Kenya’s economy is based on the export of green vegetables?

A

20%

40
Q

S. E.: How much did shares in air travel and tourism agencies drop by?

A

4%

41
Q

S. E.: Which industry saw reduced demand?

A

Oil industry- less fuel needed

42
Q

S. E.: Name 2 effected sporting events

A

Boston Marathon, Japanese Motorcycle Grand Prix

43
Q

S. E.: How much did London lose in tourism?

A

£102 million (estimated)

44
Q

I.R.: Why were sections of the Route 1 embankment breached?

A

To allow floodwater through

45
Q

I.R.: Why were Icelandic farmers warned not to let cattle drink water?

A

It had high levels of fluoride

46
Q

I.R.: Why did countries like the UK track ash?

A

So they could make an informed decision about air traffic

47
Q

I.R.: What did the Icelandic Met Office do?

A

Monitor Eyjafallajokull 24/7
Observe all 30 active volcanoes and record any signs of possible activity

48
Q

I.R.: What did the Icelandic Red Cross do?

A

. Provide food for evacuated farmers
. Translate International Volcanic Health Hazard Network into Icelandic and distribute it

49
Q

I.R.: Who set up a 24 hour hotline informing Icelandic residents of updates?

A

Icelandic Red Cross and authorities

50
Q

L.R.: What did stranded passengers demand?

A

Compensation

51
Q

L.R.: What did Ryan Air try to argue in court?

A

It was an extraordinary event (they lost)

52
Q

L.R.: What’s Futurevolc?

A

A 3.5 year project involving 26 groups in order to develop new ways of monitoring volcanoes

53
Q

L.R.: Give 3 examples of groups involved with Futurevolc

A

Bristol University, German Aerospace Centre, Icelandic Met Office

54
Q

L.R.: Which €80 billion project did volcanic monitoring feature in?

A

Horizon 2010

55
Q

L.R.: What’s the point in Horizon 2010?

A

Researching ways to support Europe’s economic competitiveness (7 year project)

56
Q

L.R.: Describe 3 ways that the Civil Aviation Authority has changed its’ volcanic ash arrangements?

A

. New system regulating how aviation deals with ash- more airspace to be used safely
. Radar in Iceland, helps observe ash density
. Establishment of 2 working groups to act as advisers on ash forecasting (scientists and airlines)

57
Q

Where are shied volcanoes usually found

A

Constructive locations

58
Q

When did it erupt?

A

From 14th to 20th April 2010

59
Q

How much did Europe’s biggest tourism businesses loose per day?

A

£5 million and £6 million

60
Q

What company did benefit?

A

Eurostar

61
Q

What did Eurostar see?

A

An increase of nearly a third, with 50,000 extra passengers travelling on their trains

62
Q

How much did Kenya’s economy loose?

A

£2.8 billion

63
Q

What company halted their production and why?

A

Nissan because it was not able to import parts from Ireland

64
Q

How many days was the travel ban?

A

8

65
Q

How many flights were cancelled impacting how many passengers?

A

107,000 flights were cancelled accounting for 10 million passengers

66
Q

How many emissions of CO2 were prevented through the mass grounding of European flights?

A

2.8 million

67
Q

How much ash and tephra was released?

A

250 million cubic metres

68
Q

What did the European Red Cross provide particularly for children?

A

Psychological support

69
Q

What did Iceland declare?

A

A state of emergency

70
Q

What did the Dutch Red Cross do?

A

Set up 1 500 beds in Schiphol airport for trapped passengers

71
Q

How will controlling airspace be made simpler?

A

9 functional airspace blocks will replace the existing 27 areas

72
Q

What did a study of UK residents in 2012 show?

A

Airlines are most trusted to make decisions after eruptions

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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