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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🌋Case Study - Hurricane Sandy 2012 > Flashcards

🌋Case Study - Hurricane Sandy 2012 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Hurricane Sandy occur?

A

October 2012

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2
Q

Where did the hurricane originate?

A

South of Kingston, Jamaica

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3
Q

When did the eye begin developing?

A

October 24th

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4
Q

Where was Sandy updated to hurricane status?

A

65 miles south of Kingston

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5
Q

What was the diameter of the storm?

A

1100 miles, much larger than other tropical storms

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6
Q

Why did the hurricane change track?

A

Due to cool air in the North and the jet stream to the West, pushing it across New York

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7
Q

When did Sandy hit the US coast?

A

October 30th

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8
Q

Why did Sandy have such a significant impact on the US?

A

Everyone was largely unprepared because of the late notice of change of track

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9
Q

How many people were killed?

A

111, 41 in NY alone

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10
Q

How many were without power in New Jersey?

A

1 million

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11
Q

How many people were without power in New York?

A

750,000

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12
Q

How many people were without power in Ontario?

A

145,000

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13
Q

How many major New York airports were closed?

A

3, including JFK

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14
Q

How much did the damage cost?

A

$63 million

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15
Q

How was the NY stock exchange affected?

A

It was closed

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16
Q

How was the economy affected?

A

Banks, shops, financial institutions closed and 2nd largest oil refinery

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17
Q

How bad was the rainfall in the area?

A

It was the worst rainfall in a century

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18
Q

How was the coastline affected?

A

1600km of coast was impacted by a 6-7m storm surge

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19
Q

How many fires broke out across New York?

A

23

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20
Q

How were US politics affected?

A

The presidential election was interupted

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21
Q

What was rationed?

A

Fuel, and number plate recognition was brought in

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22
Q

How much money was spent by the Red Cross over a 3 year period?

A

$313 million

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23
Q

What did Direct Relief provide?

A

89 emergency deliveries of medicine & supplies to 35 health centres in NY and NJ

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24
Q

What did the Red Cross do?

A

Opened shelters to provide safe places to stay before, during and after the storm

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25
Q

How many storm damaged homes are being repaired?

A

757+, 158 already completed

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26
Q

How many households in NY and NJ received FEMA payments?

A

179,000

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27
Q

How much did the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act provide to help rebuild?

A

$50 million

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28
Q

How many people in Manhattan were advised to evacuate due to a potential storm surge?

A

350,000

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29
Q

How many flights were cancelled in view of strong winds?

A

12,000

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30
Q

How did shops around New York respond?

A

By boarding up shops, including on 5th Avenue, to protect them from high winds and debris

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31
Q

Why were Sandy’s effects so intense?

A

There had been no long term preparation and the area is not used to storm of such intensity, or even at all.

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32
Q

How did Sandy affect countries other than the US?

A

. Haiti was still recovering from the 2010 earthquake when it was hit
. Cuba refused foreign aid or NGOs
. There was no national government shelter strategy in the Dominican Republic
. Sandy had catastrophic effect.

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33
Q

What did the NYC Mayor release on June 11, 2013?

A

A report called ‘A Stronger, More Resilient New York’, addressing coastal protection, insurance, utilities and community preparedness

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34
Q

Location: When did Sandy begin as a tropical depression?

A

22nd October

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35
Q

Location: What path did Sandy take?

A

Northwards- Haiti and Cuba
Moved along the East Coast of America before turning west to strike New York

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36
Q

Cause: What 2 factors caused the hurricane?

A

Low wind shear
Warmer than usual waters

37
Q

Cause: When did Sandy develop an eye and become upgraded to hurricane status?

A

24th October

38
Q

Cause: Why did the storm turn west at the end?

A

High pressure in Greenland, cold air
Jetstream
Caused storm to be pushed over warmer waters

39
Q

Cause: Why was their significantly more chance of storm surge?

A

Due to a full moon in the area at the time

40
Q

P.E.: How many died in New York?

A

41, 1 woman from falling debris

41
Q

P.E.: Which city’s famous boardwalk was shattered?

A

Atlantic City

42
Q

P.E.: What happened at one of the construction sites in NYC?

A

A crane collapsed

43
Q

P.E.: Which transport system was flooded?

A

Subway

44
Q

P.E.: How many gallons of diesel leaked?

A

336,000 gallons

45
Q

P.E.: What happened to many commuters?

A

They were stranded

46
Q

S.E.: Where was a levee overtopped by storm surge?

A

Along Hackensack River

47
Q

S.E.: How many towns were submerged with 1.5m of water from the overtopped levee?

A

3

48
Q

S.E.: How many were without power across the East Coast?

A

8.1 million

49
Q

S.E.: How many petrol stations had fuel to sell?

A

25%

50
Q

S.E.: When did a snowstorm hit New York? How many people had to be rehoused?

A

7th November
40,000

51
Q

S.E.: How high were the wind speeds that damaged trees?

A

144km/h

52
Q

S.E. USA: How many homes were destroyed by fires in the Borough of Queens?

A

80 homes

53
Q

S.E.: How many days did New York’s stock exchange close for?

A

2 days, losing millions of $ in revenue

54
Q

S.E.: Where were ambulances and fire services moved?

A

Inland

55
Q

I.R.: Why were many evacuated?

A

Because of authority suggestions to reduce the numbers of dead and injured

56
Q

I.R.: How many were temporarily rehoused into hotel rooms and empty apartments?

A

40,000

57
Q

I.R.: Why did crime levels flourish?

A

Because of a lack of power

58
Q

I.R.: How many health centres did Direct Relief deliver to across the states impacted?

A

35

59
Q

I.R.: Which company helped to deliver Direct Relief’s medicine?

A

FedEx

60
Q

I.R.: What 2 things did runners from the cancelled New York marathon do?

A

Impromptu fundraising
Deliver rations

61
Q

I.R.: Why were flights cancelled?

A

Due to strong wind speeds

62
Q

I.R.: When did NYC’s 3 main airports reopen?

A

3rd November

63
Q

I.R.: How many gallons of water did the US Army pump out of the subway in 9 days?

A

475 million gallons

64
Q

I.R.: What % of Manhattan’s workforce rely on the subway?

A

70%

65
Q

L.R.: How much did Direct Relief give in grants non-profit health organisations?

A

$2 million- helped to rebuild the regional health network

66
Q

L.R.: How many homes has NYC’s Build It Back Program rebuilt?
How many are currently in the process of being rebuilt?

A

158 homes rebuilt
757 in progress
Very poor response in 6 years considering 14,000 homes applied

67
Q

L.R.: How many homes had mould within 6 months?

A

2/3

68
Q

L.R.: How much has been paid out under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act?

A

$11 million

69
Q

L.R.: How much is still to be paid out under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act?

A

$8 million, leaving thousands waiting

70
Q

L.R.: How much have hazard mitigation grants totalled in New York and New Jersey?

A

$822 million

71
Q

L.R.: How many meals and snacks did the Red Cross deliver?

A

17.5 million

72
Q

L.R.: How many people, mainly volunteers, helped the Red Cross?

A

17,000

73
Q

L.R.: Why were the Red Cross criticised?

A

Too focussed on publicity
i.e. Emergency response vehicles in backdrop of press reports rather than delivering food to destinations

74
Q

When the USA made landfall what was the status of Sandy?

A

It had been downgraded to a tropical storm but covered a huge area

75
Q

Why did Sandy hit the USA?

A

It unusually curved back towards the USA because of blocking high pressure over Greenland which prevented movement over the Atlantic

76
Q

How many homes were damaged or destroyed?

A

600,000 homes

77
Q

How many were evacuated?

A

1 million

78
Q

What happened to the subway?

A

It flooded

79
Q

What city tourist destination was destroyed?

A

Boardwalk in Atlantic city

80
Q

How many homes were lost to fires and why?

A

Flooding hampered firefighting and 80 homes were lost due to gas fires where firefighters could not reach the area

81
Q

What did fuel shortages lead to?

A

Long queues at petrol stations

82
Q

What happened to New York’s airports and how many where there?

A

All 3 of New York’s airports were immediately closed. Leaving thousands stranded in New York and all over the world

83
Q

How many needed to be rehoused due to snow?

A

40,000

84
Q

What had to be cancelled?

A

New York marathon

85
Q

What had to be closed and for how long?

A

Stock exchange closed for 2 days for the first time since 9/11

86
Q

What was destroyed and what did this restrict?

A

East coast oil refinery was destroyed restricting USA oil production

87
Q

What was the financial loss from the closure of New York businesses?

A

$18 billion

88
Q

Political effect

A

Both Barack Obama and Mitt Romney had to stop election campaigns for 3 days because of the disaster

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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