🌋3.1.5.1 - The concept of Hazard in Geographical Context

Question 1

What is hazard risk?

Answer 1

The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place

Question 2

What are geophysical hazards?

Answer 2

Driven by earth’s own internal energy sources
e.g. earthquakes

Question 3

What is an atmospheric hazard?

Answer 3

Driven by the atmosphere / climate e.g. tropical storms, drought, wildfires

Question 4

What are hydrological hazards?

Answer 4

Driven by water bodies, mainly oceans

Question 5

What are the cultural factors affecting hazard perception?

Answer 5

If people have lived in a dangerous place for generations, they have more knowledge and a very different perception of risk

Question 6

How do economic factors affect hazard perception?

Answer 6

. In HICs, people can be constantly educated in the risks of hazards - can lead them to believe they’re worse than they really are.
. In LICs people have very little to loose so are more relaxed

Question 7

What is an earthquake?

Answer 7

The shaking and vibration of the Earth’s crust due to movement of the tectonic plates

Question 8

What is a volcano?

Answer 8

An opening in the Earth’s crust which allows molten rock from beneath the crust to reach the surface

Question 9

What is hazard perception?

Answer 9

The way an individual understands and reacts to a hazard

Question 10

What is frequency?

Answer 10

How often a certain event occurs

Question 11

What is Magnitude?

Answer 11

The size/scale/weighting an event has

Question 12

What is Fatalism?

Answer 12

. Russian roulette/optimistic approach
. Hazards are ‘God’s will’ and losses are accepted
. Lack of alternatives due to economic reasons
. Events seem normal, people lived through them many times

Question 13

What is adaption/adjustment?

Answer 13

When a town or city starts to change their way of living p to fit natural disasters into their everyday lives. Buildings are changed, such as in Christchurch

Question 14

What is Prediction?

Answer 14

Knowing when a hazard will occur and can reduce death toll. Included seismic monitoring of volcanoes, measuring gas emissions, observing weather systems etc…

Question 15

What is Mitigation?

Answer 15

Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the threat to property or human life as a result of a natural hazard. Includes the ideas of adaptions and preparation, but also anything done on an individual level.

Question 16

What is risk sharing?

Answer 16

Spreading the risk reduces one individual/groups damage making it more acceptable. May also involve sharing financial burden and possible management strategies.

Question 17

What is management?

Answer 17

Little can be done, but often depends on wealth

Question 18

What does the Park Model of hazard response consider?

Answer 18

Considers how the standard of living and economic status of an affected area changes following an event

Question 19

What is social stability?

Answer 19

When a place is not affected by things such as civil war, corrupt governments, hazards etc.

Question 20

What is resilience?

Answer 20

How able a community is to adapt and recover

Question 21

What is emergency?

Answer 21

The state in which normal procedures are suspended and measures are taken

Question 22

What are the 4 stages on the Park Model?

Answer 22

Pre-disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

Question 23

What are the 5 stages in the hazard response cycle?

Answer 23

Hazard Event —> Response —> Recovery —> Prevention/Mitigation —> Preparation —> Hazard…

Question 24

What does relief comprise of in the Park model?

Answer 24

The immediate local and possibly global response in the form of aid, expertise and search and rescue.

Question 25

What does rehabilitation comprise of in the Park Model?

Answer 25

A longer phase lasting weeks or months, where infrastructure and services are restored, albeit possibly temporarily, to allow the reconstruction phase to begin as soon as possible.

Question 26

What does the reconstruction phase comprise of the in Park model?

Answer 26

Restoring the same or better quality o life as before the event took place, likely including mitigation’s against a similar level of disruption if the event occurs again.
Use experience of the event to improve
Rebuild homes, regrow crops, mitigate

Question 27

What does Preparedness comprise of in the hazard response cycle?

Answer 27

Education and public awareness to reduce human causes, adjusting behaviour to minimise the likely impact of the hazard. Knowing what to do in the immediate aftermath.

Question 28

What does response comprise of the in Hazard response cycle?

Answer 28

Dependent on the effectiveness of the emergency plan in place. Immediate response focuses on saving lives and coordinating medical assistance.

Question 29

What does recovery comprise of in the Hazard response cycle?

Answer 29

Restoring the affected area to something approaching normality. In the short term, restoration of services and in the long term, planning and reconstruction.

Question 30

Name some factors that influence peoples’ perception

Answer 30

Socio-Economic status
Personality
Religion / ethnic background
Level of Education
Past experience
Occupation

Question 31

3 main ways to perceive a hazard

Answer 31

Fear- feel vunerable
Adaptation- prepare- prevent and protect
Fatalism- part of the area- God’s will

Question 32

4 reasons why people put themselves at risk of hazards

Answer 32

Unpredictable- can’t predict frequency, magnitude or scale
Lack of alternatives- can’t just uproot (employment, land etc)
Changing risk level- once safe places aren’t anymore (deforestation)
Cost/ benefit- fertile soils, geothermal energy, outweighs the risk

Question 33

Park Model- Pre-Disaster Phase

Answer 33

Reduce / prevent impact
Education, land zoning, warning systems, insurance

Question 34

Park Model- What can the recovery depend on?

Answer 34

Type of hazard
Degree of preparation
Speed of relief
Nature of the recovery/ rebuild

Question 35

Hazard Management Cycle- Mitigation/ Prevention

Answer 35

. Minimise effects of future disasters
. Direct intervention- earthquake proof buildings
. Natural barriers- mangroves
. Support post disaster- insurance and aid

Question 36

Hazard Management Cycle- Problem of insurance?

Answer 36

Unavailable in LIC’s and high risk HIC areas, so those who need it can’t access it

Question 37

Distribution

Answer 37

Spatial coverage of a hazard, which can be small up to global
Where a hazard can occur

Question 38

Answer 38

Hazard management cycle

Question 39

Answer 39

Park model