Cartilage Flashcards
Cartilage Properties
- Special class of CT deposited by ______
- ______ unlike bone and other CT, which makes the tissue rely on simple ______ to obtain nutrients
- _______ ECM that conducts nutrients and water allowing for diffusion
- Flexible but weight-bearing making it resistant to _______.
- Rich in ________ Collagen and high [______] that absorb water causing them to expand and resist _______
- Elastic, with a high [____], and resilient
- Resistant to _______ force, very important with _______ Cartilage
- Low friction in Articular joints makes them _______
- _______ regenerative capacity due to being _______. Chondrocytes are post-______ so they can no longer ______
- Can be calcified functionally by ______ ______, or pathologically. High calcification of the ____ inhibits the diffusion resulting in loss of function
- Chondrocytes
- Avascular; diffusion
- Permeable
- Compression
- Type II; [proteoglycan], compression
- [Elastin]
- Shear; Articular
- Slippery
- Poor; avascular
- Mitotic; divide
- Calcium Carbonate; ECM
Composition of Cartilage
- Cells are ______
- Fibers: Hyaline (______ Collagen), Elastic (_____ Collagen & ______), & Fibrocartilage (______ Collagen)
- ECM is composed of _______ & _______
- Chondrocytes
- Type II; Type II and Elastin; Type I
- Glycosaminoglycans & Proteoglycans
- _______: Progenitors of chondrocytes that are capable of undergoing ______
- Line the border between the ______ & the matrix
- Secrete _______ Collagen and other _____ components
- Chondroblasts; mitosis
- Perichondrium
- Type II; ECM
- _______: Mature cartilage cells completely embedded in the ECM deposited, that can divide _ or _ times and do NOT give rise to other _____.
- Reside in a _____
- ____ _____: Clear/white masses within cells and are chondrocytes _______ form of ______. ______ can also be used too.
- Prominent ______ ______, means that they’re active in producing ______ and the Golgi will often be seen with ______ ______
- Synthetically very _____ and secrete ______
- Chondrocytes; 2 or 3; cells
- Lipid droplets; primary; energy; glycogen
- Rough ER; proteins; secretory vesicles
- Active; matrix
Cartilage Collagen Fibrils
- ________ Collagen: Major fibril-forming collagen in cartilage and is the most ______. Forms fibrils similar to Type I Collagen in CT, but with a smaller _______.
- ________ Collagen: Minor fibril-forming collagen that is associated to the ______ of ______ Collagen fibrils, and is the determinant of the _________ of the fibrils. The higher the amount of ______ Collagen, the ______ the collagen fibril and vice versa.
- ________ Collagen: Fibril-associated collagen on the fibril surface and induces a _____ in the structure of the fibril allowing it to______ with other molecules like ________ Sulfate. Not a part of the _______ ________ structure.
- Type II; abundant; diameter
- Type XI; surface; Type II; diameter, Type XI, smaller
- Type IX; kink; interact; Chondroitin; triple helical
Cartilage ECM Composition
- Proteoglycans: ______ & ______. All will be polar, _____, & have a high affinity for _____ due to the high [____]
- Non-collagenous Proteins: ______ ____ _____ _____ (___), & ______
- ______ ______
- Aggrecan; Perlecan; acidic; water; [Glycosaminoglycans]
- Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Proteins (COMP); Matrilins
- Growth Factors
Aggregating Proteoglycans
- Complexes with a _______ acid core.
- ______: Core protein composed of _______ & ______ sulfates
- _____ ______: Connects the _____ Core Protein and the ______ Acid Core
- Hyaluronic
- Aggrecan; Chondroitin & Keratan
- Link Protein; Aggrecan; Hyaluronic
Non-Aggregating Proteoglycans
- Interact with _______ fibrils
- _____ & ______ contain Dermatan Sulfate
- _____ & ______ contain Keratan Sulfate
- _______: An HS proteoglycan usually present in basement membranes
- Collagen
- Decorin & Biglycan
- Fibromodulin & Lumican
- Perlecan
Cartilage Organization
-Cartilage is typically surrounded by a ______ layer of _____.
-_______ _______ ________: Outer layer
-_______ _______ ________: Inner layer
-Large component of cartilage is the ____
-_____ _____: The regions more densely stained are closer to _______, they are richer in _______ and contain fewer _______
_____ _____: The regions less densely stained and are further from _______, they are richer in _______ and contains less _______
- Double; Perichondrium
- Fibrous Layer of Perichondrium
- Chondrogenic Layer of Perichondrium
- ECM
- Territorial Matrices; lacunae; collagen; proteoglycans
- Interterritorial Matrices; lacunae; proteoglycans; collagen
-Cells that share the same lacunae are derived from the same ______. Will form ______ ______ of multiple ______ in the same lacunae
-Chondroblast; Isogenous Groups; Chondrocytes
Cartilage Development and Chondrocyte Differentiation
- Takes place during _______ development
- Tissues to be converted to cartilage are composed of ______ Skeletogenic _________ Cells at day ____, forming a future limb ____.
- _______ _______: Limb digits are present after stimulation of limb buds by ____ and ____ signaling
- ____ _______: Formed from stimulated pre-chondrocytes by ____, ____/____ that have begun to condense, and will begin to form cartilage as the ________ secrete their matrix
- ____ ____: Stain used to identify cartilage
- ________ _______: Form the perichondrium and are ______ precursor cells
- Embryonic
- Pluripotent; Mesenchymal; E10.5
- Condensed Prechondrocytes; Tgfβ & Wnt
- Early Chondrocytes; Sox9; Sox5/Sox6; Chondrocytes
- Alcian Blue
- Perichondrial Fibroblasts; Osteogenic
Perichondrium
-Surrounds most cartilage except for _______ cartilage and _______
-Source of _____ of the cartilage
2 Layers:
1) ______/_____: Outer layer of the perichondrium where cells are able to divide and give rise to cells of the _____ ______ Layer. _____ fibrogenic cells that are transitional between CT & cartilage. Contains _____ ____.
2) ______ _____: Inner layer that produces the Chondroblast precursors. One Chondroblast daughter cells stays within the layer, and the other goes into the ______ to become a chondrocyte
- Articular; Fibrocartilage
1) Fibrous/Fibrogenic Layer; Inner Chondrogenic; Spindly; blood vessels
2) Chondrogenic Layer; lacunae
Cartilage Growth: Appositional vs Interstitial Growth
- ______ ______: Peripheral mitosis and differentiation of ________. Mediated by the Chondrogenic Layer of the ________ and new layers of Chondroblast that secrete _______ resulting in peripheral growth and _____ of the tissue. Regulated by theTF _____
- ______ ______: Mitosis of ______ and deposition of new matrix results in the formation of isogenous groups, where cells are more ______ and produce more matrix. Very important in _______ ossification.
- Appositional Growth; fibroblasts; Perichondrium; ECM; Widening; Sox9
- Interstitial Growth; Chondrocytes; active; Endochondral
- ______ _______: Mutation in Sox9 TF that controls the expression the the ______ Collagen and ______ genes;
- Autosomal ________ inheritance
- Defective __________ cells remain in the Perichondrium and do not differentiate into ________, compromising osteogenesis
- Phenotype: _____ & angulation of the bones, ______ of the pelvic and scapular bones, abnormalities in the _______ column, _______ in the number of ribs, and _________ abnormalities
- Campomelic Dysplasia; Type II; Aggrecan
- Dominant
- Chondrogenic; Osteocytes
- Bowing; Hypoplasia; vertebral; decrease; craniofacial
Hyaline Cartilage
-Is _______ like all other cartilage
-_______ matrix appears transparent
-Surrounded by _______, and _______ are very visible in the Chondrogenic Layer
-Chondrocytes have both _______ & ________ matrices
-ECM is composed of ________ Collagen and is rich in both _________ & _________
Locations:
-Temporary ________ skeleton
-_______ Cartilage
-Respiratory tract: _____, _____, ____, & ____
-Intercostal _______
- Avascular
- Clear
- Perichondrium; Chondroblasts
- Territorial & interterritorial
- Type II; proteoglycans; glycosaminoglycans
- Embryonic
- Articular
- Nose; larynx; trachea; bronchi
- Intercostal cartilage
Articular Cartilage
- Specialized hyaline cartilage that lacks ______
- _____ ______: Contains synovial fluid that prevents the bone from touching & is encased by the Synovial _______
- _____ ______ ______: Composed of the fibrous membrane, synovial membrane, and the synovial fluid within the synovial membrane
- Smooth surface reduces _______, and is resistant to ______ & ______ forces
- Lack of _____ allows for pain free movement, but also prevents the perception of _____ until something bad has gone wrong like with ______
- Being ______ there is no bruising or blood clot formation, but this makes ______ after injury difficult
- Nutrition and hydration from the _____ fluid
- Perichondrium
- Synovial Cavity; Membrane
- Articular Joint Capsule
- Friction; compressive & shear
- Nerves; injury; arthritis
- Avascular; Repair
- Synovial
Layers of Articular Cartilage
- _____ _____ _____: Collagen-rich allowing for frictionless motion & contains few Chondrocytes, and the collagen fibrils are _____ to the surface of articulation
- ____/_____ _____: Majority of the articular cartilage that is ____ rich in collagen since the fibers are less ____, but are still oriented _____ to the surface
- ____/____ _______ ____: Resistant to compression since collagen fibers are deposited _____ to the surface, a difference from the other layers. Very rich in ______ making it the most resistant layer to compressive forces. May ____ forming a mineral connection to the bone
- _______ can be found in every layer
- Superficial Tangential Zone; parallel
- Middle/Transitional Zone; less; dense; parallel
- Deeper/Radial Proteoglycan-rich Zone; perpendicularly; proteoglycans; calcify
- Chondrocytes
Nutrition and Compression Cycle of Articular Cartilage
1) _______: Rich in proteoglycans that have a high _____ for water and begin to swell by absorbing water from the ____ ____, increasing collagen resistance
2) ________: Water is displaced back to the ______ _____, due to _____ swelling pressure of proteoglycans
3) ________: Water gets drawn back to restore equilibrium after compression and ______ get imported with it
- ________ damage to the ____ ____ will cause the cartilage cells to decay since they can’t get nutrients, and can be the result of _____ or destruction of the _____ ____
1) Resting; affinity; synovial fluid
2) Compression; synovial fluid; increased
3) Relaxation; nutrients
- Pathological; synovial fluid; inflammation; synovial membrane
Elastic Cartilage -Like other cartilage is \_\_\_\_\_\_ -Surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Chondrocytes show \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ matrices -ECM fibers consisting of both \_\_\_\_\_\_ collagen & \_\_\_\_ -Functions: \_\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_ -Stains black with the \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Locations: -External \_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Auditory \_\_\_\_\_ -Bridge of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
- Avascular
- Perichondrium
- Territorial; Interterritorial
- Type II; Elastin
- Flexibility; Pliability
- Silver Stain
- Ear
- Epiglottis
- Tube
- Nose
Fibrocartilage
-Like other cartilage is ______
-Lacks a _______ like articular cartilage
-Both ______ & _______ are aligned along stress lines, along with the matrix to further increase resistance to ________ forces
-ECM fibers are dense bundles of ______ Collagen like in bone. Histologically looks like dense ______ CT
-Functions: Resistance to ______, and ______ force
-Considered an intermediate between _______ cartilage and _____ CT
Locations:
-_______ _____ of the intervertebral discs
-_______ discs of the knees
-_______
-________ joints
-_______ symphysis
- Avascular
- Perichondrium
- Chondrocytes & Fibroblasts; mechanical
- Type I; Irregular
- Compression; shear
- Hyaline; Dense
- Annulus Fibrosus
- Articular
- Mandible
- Sternoclavicular
- Pubic
Intervertebral Discs
- ____ _____: Hyaline Cartilage composing the inner most structure, rich in _______ that induce tissue expansion
- _____ _____: Fibrocartilage that surrounds the entire structure of the intervertebral discs composed of ______ Collagen and resists expansion
- Long bed stays or microgravity in space travel will ______ the discs
- _______: Increased swelling of the _____ _____ causes expansion or protrusion of weakened a ______ ______. This can result in _____ _____ entrapment (pinched _____), typical of ______ pain.
- _________: Chymopapain enzymes are injected into the ______ ______ to destroy Proteoglycans in an effort to reduce swelling, this allows the _____ _____ to return to a normal size.
- Nucleus Pulposus; Proteoglycans
- Annulus Fibrosus; Type I
- Expand
- Herniation; Nucleus Pulposus; Annulus Fibrosus; nerve entrapment; nerve; Sciatica
- Chemonucleolysis; Nucleus Pulposus; Annulus Fibrosus
Cartilage Changes with Age
- ________ in older individuals are smaller with shorter _______ Sulfate chains than in younger individuals
- ________ are less efficient in renewing the ECM, reducing the [______] and thus water content. This makes the cartilage _____ resistant to compressive forces
- The ECM is more vulnerable to ________ in weight-bearing activities, especially the _________ discs. This is why _________ response to injury causes painful symptoms of _______
- Proteoglycans; Chondroitin
- Chondrocytes; [proteoglycan]; less
- Injury; intervertebral; inflammatory; arthritis
Cartilage Repair
-Very limited capacity for repair due to being______, especially ______ cartilage & ________
Methods of repairing cartilage:
1) ____ ___ ____ Formation: Caused by abrasion or drilling of the subchondral bone, just below the ______ cartilage, causing the bone to bleed. This causes _______ cells from the bone marrow to repair the bone and differentiate into cartilage cells to help repair the damage to the cartilage.
2) _____ _______: Chondrocytes/Bone marrow stem cells are injected and an artificial matrix is introduced to increase support.
3) _____ ______: Involves either ________ or _______ grafts where you cut a section of articular cartilage and bone from a joint and transplanting it to the damaged joint.
Limitations:
-Cell/tissue _____, phenotype _____, and chondral integration
-All the techniques are experimental except for ____ ____
- Avascular; articular; fibrocartilage
1) Induced blood clot formation; articular; Osteoprogenitor
2) Cell Implantation
3) Tissue Transplantation; Osteochondral or Periosteal - Availability; stability
- Induced blood clot formation
- __________: Genetic diseases of cartilage
1) Genetic mutations in the ______ macromolecules, like in the the ______ Collagen gene: _____
2) Genetic mutations in the _____ macromolecules, such as _______ proteins or _______ _______. Commonly seen mutations in the ______ & ______ genes
- Chondrodysplasias
1) Matrix; Type II; COL2A1
2) Cell’s; regulatory; transcription factors; FGFR3; Sox9
