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BS 2 Module 3 > Bone Histology & Intramembranous Ossification > Flashcards

Bone Histology & Intramembranous Ossification Flashcards

1
Q 
Bones are \_\_\_\_\_ of the skeletal system
Individual bones are made up of:
1)\_\_\_\_\_ tissue
2)Bone \_\_\_\_
3)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

unit

1) Bone tissue
2) Bone marrow
3) Cartilage
4) Periosteum

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2
Q

Physical Properties of bone:

1) ______: Resistance to compression, shear & tensile strength
2) Reservoir for _____ and ______
3) Adaptable to ______ and weight _____ via bone _____
4) Able to self-_______

A

1) Strength:
2) Calcium; Phosphate
3) Adaptable to growth and weight changes via remodeling
4) Able to self-repair

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3
Q

Functions of bone:

1) ________ for the brain and internal ______
2) Attachment site for _______ allowing the _____ of limbs
3) Defense against _______
4) Endocrine ________
5) ________

A

1) Protection; organs
2) muscles; movement
3) acidosis
4) homeostasis
5) Hearing

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4
Q

Bone Types
1) Immature Bone:
-_____/______: The first type of bone that will get deposited and gets remodeled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts into a mature bone
2) Mature Lamellar Bone:
_____/______: Forms the outer core of bone providing rigidity and strength
____/____/___: Adjacent to the bone marrow and is light-weight and involved in Calcium homeostasis

A
  • Woven/Fibrous Bone
  • Cortical/Compact Bone
  • Trabecular/Cancellous/Spongy Bone
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5
Q

Compact Bone

  • Does not have ______ or ______ in the bone matrix that are visible to the eye
  • ______ AND _______
  • Thick and wall the _______ of long bones
  • Forms around the _______ of long bones
A
  • Spaces; hollows
  • Lamellar and Haversian
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphyses
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6
Q

Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous Bone

  • Delicate network of ______ which branch and intersect to form a ______ like tissue that is _____ to the naked eye
  • _____ of the Epiphyses contains mainly spongy bone in contact with the _____ ______
  • _______ but NOT ________
A
  • Trabeculae; sponge; visible
  • Inside; Bone marrow
  • Lamellar; Haversian
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7
Q

Structure of a Flat Bone:

  • External and internal surfaces of flat bones are composed of ________
  • _____: Middle spongy layer
  • ______ layer may fracture and the ______ bone may be crushed but the ____ bone layer and brain can be unharmed from head impacts
A
  • Compact bone
  • Diploe
  • Outer compact bone; spongy; inner compact
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8
Q 
Bone Components
Cells:
-Osteoblast lineage
\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_
-Monocyte-macrophage lineage
\_\_\_\_\_
ECM:
Organic (\_\_\_\_):
-Fibers: \_\_\_\_\_\_ Collagen
-Ground Substance: \_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_
Mineral:
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteocytes, & Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteoid
  • Type I
  • Glycosaminoglycans; Proteoglycans
  • Hydroxyapatite; Ca(PO4)6(OH)3
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9
Q

Bone Tissue Composition
-Cells ___ % & matrix ____%
-Water ____% , Mineral ____%, & Organic_____%
-Organic composition:
Collagen____%, Proteoglycan ____%, & Protein______%

A
  • 2% cells; 98% matrix
  • 10% water; 70% mineral; 20% organic
  • 90% Type I Collagen; 1% Proteoglycans; 9% Proteins
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10
Q

Osteogenic Lineage

  • Osteogenic Cells: Are found in the ______ & ______, arise from embryonic _________ cells, & multiply continuously and differentiate into ______ in response to _____ or ______; aka _____ cells
  • Osteoblasts: Produce an ECM of ______ % fibers and ______% minerals, and are highly _______
  • Osteocytes: _______ that are ______ in their secreted matrix and located in ______, the _____ differentiated state of _____, and are _______
  • Spicule: ________, newly formed pieces of _____
A
  • Endosteum; Periosteum; Mesenchymal; Osteoblasts; stress; fracture; Osteoprogenitor Cells
  • ~35% Collagen; ~65% hydroxyapatite; secretory
  • Osteoblasts; embedded in their matrix; lacuna; final; Osteoblasts; quiescent
  • Isolated; bone
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11
Q

Osteoblasts

  • Derived directly from_____
  • Epithelial-like _____ or _____ shaped cells in ______layers at sites of _______ bone formation
  • Polarized cell with ECM released at the ____/_____ interface (_____ surface)
  • Synthesizes ______, ______, & controls _______ of the matrix
  • Osteoid is composed of: _____, ______, & ______
  • Mineralized part of the bone is _______ dense and appears ______
A
  • Osteoprogenitor Cells
  • Cuboidal; columnar; monolayers; active
  • Cell/bone; basal
  • Osteoid; non-collagenous proteins; mineralization
  • Type I Collagen; Glycosaminoglycans; Proteoglycans
  • Electron; Black
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12
Q

Osteocytes

  • Derived from ______
  • _________: Incapable of cell division, but are active ______ & ________
  • Highly branched ______ with ________ extensions entering the ________ of the bone matrix
  • Maintains the bone _____ & are responsible for bone _____
A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Terminally Differentiated; metabolically; biochemically
  • Cell wall; cytoplasmic; canaliculi
  • ECM; turnover
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13
Q

Bone Mineral Matrix

  • _____/_____ (65%): is composed of ______, a form of _______ ________
  • Bone without _______ will be very flexible and bend since it’s only composed of ________ Collagen and will behave more like ________
  • ________(35%): is composed of _______ Collagen and without it would be very ____ and cannot resist ______ or ______ since it’s lacking ______ and ________; _______ proteins, and _________
A
  • Inorganic/Mineral; Hydroxyapatite; Calcium Phosphate
  • Hydroxyapatite; Type I; cartilage
  • Organic; Type I; brittle; stress; impacts; reinforcement; elasticity
  • Non-collagenous
  • Glycosaminoglycans
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14
Q

Non-Collagenous Proteins in Bone ECM

  • ______, _______, & _______
  • Bone ________-
  • _________ & _________
A
  • Osteocalcin; Osteopontin; & Osteonectin
  • Sialoprotein
  • Growth Factor; Cytokines
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15
Q

Glycosaminoglycans in Bone ECM

  • ________ Sulfate
  • ________ Sulfate
  • _________ Acid
A
  • Chondroitin Sulfate
  • Keratan Sulfate
  • Hyaluronic Acid
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16
Q

Formation of Bone Mineral Matrix

  • ________: Precipitation of ________ _______ & growth ________ Crystals
  • Calcium Phosphate is extremely ______ and will spontaneously ______ at high [_____] or high [______]; & precipitates as _______ _____ ______ that is NOT usable by bone
  • ________: Deposition of _____ ________ that can be deposited in normal or pathological conditions
  • In non-mineralizing tissue, ______ ______ precipitation is prevented by crystal growth inhibitors like ________, which is very common in the ________
  • In mineralizing tissue, ______ ________: Enzyme that destroys the crystal growth inhibitor _________, and is produced by ___________
  • Marker for ______ activity is [______ ________]; these cells produce both _______ _____ & _______ to control the rate of _________ Crystal growth
A
  • Mineralization; Calcium Phosphate; Hydroxyapatite
  • Insoluble; precipitate; Calcium; Phosphate; Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
  • Calcification; Calcium Carbonate
  • Calcium Phosphate; Pyrophosphate; blood
  • Alkaline Phosphatase; pyrophosphate; Osteoblasts
  • Osteoblast; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase & Pyrophosphates; Hydroxyapatite
17
Q
  • Mineralization occurs in the ECM between _______ fibrils and requires _______: Specialized _____ & _____ that aid in the precipitation of _______ ________ from Amorphous _______ _______
  • Locations of mineralization in the ECM: Within the _____ _____ separating Collagen molecules within Collagen fibrils; between _____ Collagen molecules; & the space between adjacent ______
  • ______ Collagen Fibrils are thinner than _________ Collagen
A
  • Collagen; nucleators; phospholipids; proteoglycans; Crystalline Hydroxyapatite; Calcium Phosphate
  • Hole zones; adjacent; fibrils
  • Non-mineralized; mineralized
18
Q
  • The _____ of the mineralized matrix acts as the ______ for continuous growth and deposition
  • ______ bands are layers of ECM that have not _______
  • Uses ______ ______ and not electrons
  • The layers contain _______ & ______ cells
  • The layers are considered ______
A
  • edge; nucleator
  • White; mineralized
  • Polarized light
  • Osteoblasts; Osteocytes
  • Lamellar
19
Q

Osteoclasts

  • Derived from a _____ _____ stem cell; a ________/_______ colony forming unit (GM-CFU)
  • The Monocyte Progenitor Cell may differentiate into either ______ or _______ depending on the signals received
  • ___________:Travel directly through the bone marrow to the________ _______ surfaces, or via the vascular system to the ______ _____ and other bones where they may be needed like flat bones
  • Mature Osteoclasts arise from the fusion of Preosteoclasts’ ______ ______ to form a multi-______ giant cell
  • Responsible for bone ______ associated with bone ______, ______, and pathology
  • Cross-talk between ______ and ______ regulates the process of final differentiation of ______
A
  • Pluripotent Hematopoietic; Granulocyte/Macrophage
  • Premonocytes; Preosteoclasts
  • Preosteoclasts; Trabecular bone; Cortical Bone
  • Plasma membranes’; nucleated
  • Modeling; remodeling
  • Osteoclasts; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts
20
Q

Osteoclast Features:

  • ________ ______: The cavity the Osteoclasts make on the bone facing the active side of the cell; aka the _______ _____ or ______ ______
  • Active facing surface of the bone forms a ____ ____, this increases the ____ _____ in contact between the Osteoclast and bone matrix making resorption more efficient, and are created from _____ of the Osteoclasts
  • _______ _______: Structure of the Osteoclasts that isolates the area of the bone being dissolved; composed of ____ ____ located at the surface of lacuna
  • Osteoclasts are multi-____ rich in ______ and contain many _____ ______ containing the enzymes; prominent ______ ___
A
  • Howship’s Lacuna; Subosteoclastic Compartment; Resorption Bay
  • Ruffled border; surface area; extensions
  • Sealing zone; actin filaments
  • Nucleated; mitochondria; secretory vesicles; Rough ER
21
Q
  • Dissolved components of the bone matrix: ______ & ______ ____, accumulate in the _____ ____ and are reabsorbed into the ____
  • Reasons Osteoclasts need a lot of ______: CO2 to form _____ ______ & ____ ions; a lot of _____ is needed to produce _____
A
  • Calcium; amino acids; interstitial space; blood

- Mitochondria; Carbonic Acid; Hydrogen; ATP; CO2

22
Q

2 Methods of Bone Resorption

  • ____ & _____ destruction of the Osteoid via _____ & non-_____ enzymes
  • Chemical solution of ____ to degrade _______
A
  • Biochemical; enzymatic; lysosomal; non-lysosomal

- HCl; Hydroxyapatite

23
Q

Steps of Resorption

  1. Osteoclasts create the ___ ___
  2. _____ _____ is created to seal off the cavity (_____ ____) from the non active part of the Osteoclast; ____ in the Osteoclast and _____ (non-collagenous protein in the bone matrix) are bound to each other via αvβ3 _____
  3. A _____-____ exchanger maintains cytoplasmic __ neutrality
  4. A chloride channel facing ____ ____ prevents an excessive rise of ___ in the Osteoclasts
  5. ______ ______: Releases protons into _____ ____ via an ATP-dependent Pump to create an _____ environment (pH __) to solubilize ______ bone, done by catalyzing the reaction of CO2 + H2O –> ___ + ___; both CO2 + H2O are products of the ____ Cycle and _____ ____ from mitochondria
  6. ______ is exchanged for chloride in a 1:1 ratio, this makes Howship’s Lacuna very acidic since the H+ & Cl- join to form ____ which degrades the bone
  7. ______ enzymes (____ & ____) are released to degrade Collagen, and non-_____ enzymes (________ & _____) degrade non-______ proteins
A

1) Ruffled border
2) Sealing zone; Howship’s lacuna; actin; Osteopontin; Integrin
3) Bicarbonate-Chloride; pH
4) Howships’ Lacuna; pH
5) Carbonic Anhydrase II; Howships’ Lacuna; acidic; 4.5; mineralized; H+; Bicarbonate (HCO3-); TCA; Oxidative Phosphorylation
6) Bicarbonate; HCl
7) Lysosomal; Proteinases; Phosphatases; non-lysosomal; Metalloproteinase 9; Cathepsin K; non-collagenous

24
Q

-Bone can be remodeled to: release ______, & sustain _____ _____ from being active

A

-Calcium; mechanical stress

25
Q

Steps of Osteoblast Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation:

1) ________ derived from bone marrow express ________ on their surface which can bind the _____ ligand synthesized by ______
2) Binding induces the ______ to become a ______ and induces the expression of ______ on the surface of the Macrophage.
3) _____ binds to _____ on the surface of the macrophage stimulating it to become an _____ precursors. _____ is on the surface of ____, _____, & _____.
4) ______ simultaneously secretes _______: A glycoprotein that binds to ____ on ______ with a much higher affinity than _____; this method helps _______ regulate the population of ________.
5) ______/______ Osteoclasts uncouple from the ______
6) Maturation of Osteoclasts is complete when the _____ ____ & ____ ____ appear

A

1) Monocytes, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) Receptor; M-CSF ligand; Osteoblasts
2) Monocyte; Macrophage; RANK
3) RANKL; RANK; Osteoclast; RANKL; Osteoblasts; T-lymphocytes; Stromal Cells.
4) Osteoblasts; Osteoprotegerin (OPG); RANKL; Osteoblasts; RANK; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts
5) Resting/Non-functional; Osteoblasts
6) Ruffled Border; Sealing Zone

26
Q

Osteoblast/Osteoclast Disequilibrium Disorders

  • _____: Decreased calcification or density of bone due to decreases _____ activity &/or increased _____ activity
  • _______: Progressive reduction in bone quantity making them weak and susceptible to fracture due to decreased _____ activity
  • _______: Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone, due to ______ deficiency or inactivity
A
  • Osteopenia; Osteoblast; Osteoclast
  • Osteoporosis; Osteoblast
  • Osteopetrosis; Osteoclast
27
Q

-________: Functionally and embryologically similar to the Perichondrium. Covers the ____ surface of the bone except for the _______ surfaces and attachment locations of ______ & ______.
2 components:
1) ____/_____: Contains ____ _____: Collagen-rich and anchors the _____ to the bone matrix; & blood vessels with some entering ____ ____.
2) ___/____: Embryo and post-natally contains ______ that will differentiate into Osteoblasts; in adults contains inactive CT cells with Osteogenic potential and respond to bone injury and aid in repair
-_______: CT that covers the spongy walls of the _____ ____ cavity, and extends into all bone cavities including the _____ ____

A
  • Periosteum; Outer; articular; tendons & ligaments
  • Outer/Fibrogenic Layer; Sharpey’s Fibers; periosteum; Volkmann’s Canals
  • Inner/Osteogenic Layer; Osteoprogenitor Cells
  • Endosteum; bone marrow; Haversian Canals
28
Q

Compact Bone

  • Outside is where the ______ is located
  • ______: Circular growth rings surround Haversian Canals
  • Highly ______ unlike cartilage
  • Compact bone has _____, making compact bone _____ AND _____
  • ____/_____: Basic structural unit of compact bone, cylinders of bone tissue form from concentric ____ of ____ & matrix arranged around a central/______ _____
  • ________: Lined with endosteum and contains a neurovascular bundle
  • ________: Contains an artery, vein, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
  • _______ are connected to each other and their blood supply by pseudopods within _____
  • _____/______: Perpendicular branches of the ______ _____ connecting 2 _____ ______ and thus 2 _____ to one another
A
  • Periosteum
  • Lamella
  • Vascularized
  • Osteons; Lammela Haversian
  • Osteon/Haversian Systems; lamella; Osteocytes; Haversian Canal
  • Haversian Canal
  • Neurvascular bundle
  • Osteocytes; canaliculi
  • Perforating/Volkmann’s Canals; Haversian Canals; Haversian Canals; Osteons
29
Q

Haversian Systems

  • Mineralization prevents _____ of minerals and nutrients
  • Difference from ______ is that diffusion can take place
  • ____ ____ within Haversian Canals provides _____ to Osteocytes, which get transported through a chain of ___ ______ away from Haversian Canals and towards Osteocytes. The transport system is limited to a distance of ______
  • _____ ____ of Osteocytes are embedded within ______ connecting cell bodies
  • _______: Cavities in the bone matrix surrounded by mineralized bone, that perforates the bone connecting ______ to one another and are filled with ___ _____ during life; nutrients _____ from capillaries to to ends of cell processes
  • ____ _____ are at the contact points of ______ processes, connecting them together
A
  • Diffusion
  • Cartilage
  • Blood vessels; nutrients; cell processes; 100 micro meters
  • Cell processes; canaliculi
  • Canaliculi; cell bodies; cell processes; diffuse
  • Gap junctions; Osteocyte
30
Q

Spongy Bone

  • Are ____ but NOT _____
  • ______: Sponge-like appearance formed by rods and plates of bones, and develop along bones’ _____ of _____ where strong forces act
  • Spaces among the trabeculae are filled with ____ ____
  • ____-weight but strong
A
  • Lamellar; Haversian
  • Trabeculae; lines of stress
  • Bone Marrow
  • Light-weight
31
Q

Osteogenesis: Bone Formation

  • Intramembranous Ossification: Forms ____ & ____ bones, like the _____ & _____. Forms well-vascularized primitive CT _____. Bone formation does NOT require a ______ template, and uses the direct differentiation of cells within _______ into ______
  • Endochondral Ossification: Forms ____ bones, like ____ bones and the ______ _____. Requires the replacement of a _______ ______ template with bone
  • Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification occur side by side, seen with ______ healing and the development of the _______
A
  • Flat; short; skull; clavicle; Mesenchyme; Hyaline Cartilage; Mesenchyme; Osteoblasts
  • Long; axial; appendicular skeleton; Hyaline Cartilage
  • Fracture; mandible
32
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification

1) Condensation of the ______ into soft sheets permeated with blood capillaries
2) Deposition of _____ by Osteoblasts on the _____ surface, the entrapment of the first _____ and formation of the ______
3) Honeycomb of bony trabeculae is formed by continued ______ deposition; this creates _____ bone
4) Surface bone filled in by bone deposition converting ______ bone to ______ bone

A
  • Mesenchyme
  • Osteoid; mesenchymal; Osteocytes; Periosteum
  • Mineral; Spongy
  • Spongy; compact
33
Q

Intramembranous Ossification of the Skull

  • ______ ossification is incomplete at birth, this facilitates passage through the _____ ____
  • _______: Regions of ______ _____ that are soft regions of the skull. Usually have __ at birth, where most close by ___ months and all are closed by ___ months. _____ close when ___ ___ fuse together
A
  • Cranial; birth canal

- Fontanel; dense irregular CT; 6; 12 months; 24 months; Fontanel; flat bones

BS 2 Module 3 (12 decks)

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