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BS 2 Module 3 > Bone & Bone Development > Flashcards

Bone & Bone Development Flashcards

1
Q 
What Bone Does
Provides:
-\_\_\_\_\_
-Gives \_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_ to the body
-Provides \_\_\_\_\_\_
-Stored source for \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
-Provides \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when muscles acts as joints formed between bones
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the bone marrow
A
  • Support
  • Strength; support
  • Protection
  • Calcium; phosphate
  • Movement
  • Hematopoiesis
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2
Q

2 Ways of Visualizing Bone:

1) _____ _____: Unpreserved bone is _______ down so thin light can pass through. _____ and ______ matrix do not survive but the general architecture does. Good detail of the _____ matrix, and ____ _____ is used as a stain.
2) _____ _____: Cells are fixed and ________ matrix is removed by _______. Good detail of the _______ matrix, and _____ is used as a stain.

A

1) Ground bone; ground; Cells; organic; inorganic; India Ink

2) Decalcified bone; inorganic; decalcification; organic; H & E

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3
Q

Bone as Specialized CT
ECM
-________: Proteins (______) made of long peptide chains produced by _______
-____ _____: Gel-like matrix where cells and fibers are embedded
Cells
-______ _____ cells give rise to: __________ cells, _______, ______, _______, ________, & _______ cells
-Immune cells are present in the ______ ______: _______, _____ cells & _______
-Immune cells are present in the blood: _____, ______ cells, ________, ________, & ________

A
  • Fibers; Collagen; Fibroblasts
  • Ground Substance
  • Mesenchymal Stem; Osteoprogenitor; Osteoblasts; Chondroblasts; Myofibroblasts; Fibroblasts; & Adipose cells
  • Bone marrow; Macrophages; Mast cells; Basophils
  • Monocytes; plasma cells; neutrophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes
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4
Q

Classification of Bone

  • ____/____/____: Forms outside
  • ____/____/____: Forms inside of the bone and consists of ______: Spaces within that have marrow and blood vessels
  • ____/_____: Immature bone that is first formed and cells are randomly arranged. There are ______ cells per unit of area and more _____ ______ than _______/______ bone. The ______ bone formed.
  • _____/______: Regular arrangement of collagen fibers that contains less ____ ____ & _____ than _____/_____ bone. The _____ bone formed.
A
  • Dense/Cortical/Compact
  • Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous; Trabeculae
  • Woven/Non-lamallar; more; ground substance; Lamellar/Mature; Primary
  • Lamellar/Mature; ground substance; cells; woven/non-lamellar; secondary
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5
Q

Bone Development

  • ______ _______: From modifying a hyaline cartilage precursor
  • ______ ______: Directly from mesenchymal stem cells and their progeny
  • _______ bone from either process looks exactly the same
  • Most bones of the skull form via ____ _____
  • Skull base forms via ______ _______
A
  • Endochondral Ossification
  • Intramembranous Ossification
  • Immature
  • Intramembranous Ossification
  • Endochondral Ossification
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6
Q
  • ______: Form the bone matrix
  • Derived from ________ ______ cells that arose from _________ stem cell, which are _________
  • ___________ ____ are found on the external (______) and internal surface (_______) of bones, and will appear ______ and squamous with elongated/______ nuclei
A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoprogenitor stem; mesenchymal; multipotent
  • Osteoprogenitor cells; periosteum; endosteum; flattened; oval
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7
Q
  • _______: Flattened, simple squamous, bone-lining cell that secrete _______. Difficult to differentiate from ______ ______ histologically, and their formation is controlled by members of the ____ _____ _____ Family.
  • ___ _____: Quiescent osteoblasts on the outside of bone
  • _____ _____: Quiescent osteoblasts on the inside of the bone
  • ______: Osteoblasts trapped within the lacuna of the osteoid they secreted
A
  • Osteoblasts; osteoid; Osteoprogenitor cells; Bone Morphogenetic Protein
  • Periosteal Cells
  • Endosteal Cells
  • Osteocytes
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8
Q

Bone Formation by Osteoblasts

1) _______ Deposition
- Forms a majority _______ ________ fibril matrix, _______ collagen is the _________ prevalent in the human body.
2) Secretion of _______ ________
- Amorphous matrix of ______, _______, _______, _____, & ______
- _______: Bone matrix that is a combination of _____ & ______ ______
3) ______ Seeding
- Osteoblasts saturate ground substance with ______ and ______ which precipitate as _____ ______ crystals
4) _______ & _______
- _________ _______ crystals are modified to form _______ crystals tethered to collagen by ________

A

1) Collagen
- Type I Collagen; Type I; most
2) Ground Substance
- Proteoglycans; glycosaminoglycans; glycoproteins; salt; water
- Osteoid; collagen; ground substance
3) Crystal
- Calcium; Phosphate; Calcium Phosphate
4) Mineralization & Maturation
- Calcium Phosphate; Hydroxapatite; Proteoglycans

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9
Q 
Components of Osteoid
-\_\_\_\_% organic and \_\_\_\_\_% inorganic
Organic:
-Fibers: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proteins: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a ligand to induce formation of Osteoclasts; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_), Induces the formation of bone-specific macrophages; \_\_\_\_\_\_; & \_\_\_\_\_\_
Inorganic:
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ deposits with crystalline characteristics of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • 35%; 65%
  • Type I Collagen
  • Ground Substance
  • Non-Collagenous; RANKL; Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF); Osteoprotegerin; Osteopontin
  • Calcium Phosphate; Hydroxyapatite
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10
Q

-______: Osteoblasts that became trapped in the matrix they secreted. Maintain bone ____, transmit _______ signals, and are linked by ____ _______ to each other and to _____ _____ cells and is how they ______ and obtain ________. Not very active and are mainly ______.

A

-Osteocytes; quality; mechanical; gap junctions; bone lining; communicate; nutrients; quiescent

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11
Q

-Flat cells are _______ ________ or ______/_____ cells, but those that are cuboidal are _______

A

-Osteoprogenitor cells, endosteal/periosteal; Osteoblasts

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12
Q

-_______: Completely surrounded by bone matrix, & maintain _______ homeostasis.
-_______: Space the cell inhabits
-_________ processes in ________ are linked by _____ junctions
-_______ than their Osteoblast precursors and are usually highly distorted by _____ in routine preps
States:
-_______
-_______: Deposits matrix
-______: Has active lysosomes

A
  • Osteocytes; Calcium
  • Lacuna
  • Cytoplasmic; Canaliculi; gap
  • Smaller; shrinkage
  • Quiescent
  • Formative
  • Resorptive
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13
Q
  • _________ & ______ are bone-lining cells derived from ________ that cover bone that is not remodeling
  • Flat cells with few _________, still have ______ _____ that join processes of adjacent cells
  • Function: Maintenance & _________ support of ______ in underlying bone
A
  • Endosteal; Periosteal; Osteoblasts
  • Organelle; gap junctions
  • Nutritional; Osteocytes
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14
Q

-______ _______: Forms lamellar bone and continues throughout life. Controlled mainly by _________.
Steps:
1) ________ are activated and recruited to the bone surface; this process takes _______
2) Osteoclasts _______ bone; this process takes _____
3) _________ undergo apoptosis, reversing the process
4) __________ deposit new______ and mineralize it; this process takes _______

A
  • Bone remodeling; Osteoblasts
    1) Osteoclasts; weeks
    2) Resorb; weeks
    3) Osteoclasts
    4) Osteoblasts; osteoid; months
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15
Q

Origin and Activation of Osteoclasts

  • Osteoclasts are derived from bone marrow _______
  • ________: Triggered by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and by RANKL produced by osteoblasts to form osteoclasts . ______ binds to a monocyte and induces it to form a macrophage. The macrophage now expresses ________. _______ on the osteoblast, ______, or _____ _______ _____ binds to RANK and this commits the macrophage to ___________ to become an osteoclast
A
  • Monocytes

- Osteoclastogenesis; M-CSF; RANK; RANKL; T-Lymphocyte; Stromal Stem Cell; Osteoclastogenesis

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16
Q

Resorption of Bone

  • Osteoclasts become active when ______ bind to _________ on the bone and seals the area for absorption. This isolates the cavity, ______ ______, from the rest of the bone.
  • ______ from lysosomes degrades ______, while ______ break down protein. This releases ______ and ______ into the blood.
  • The process forms a _____ _____, which helps to increase the _______ area.
A
  • Integrins; Osteopontin; Howship’s Lacuna
  • Acid; Hydroxyapatite; Proteases; Calcium; Phosphate
  • Ruffled border; surface
17
Q

Histological Identification of Osteoclasts:

  • _______ nuclei in a large cell
  • ________ cytoplasm
  • ________ to the bone _______
A
  • Multiple
  • Pink
  • Attached; surface
18
Q

Reversal Step of Bone Formation

  • _______ determine when sufficient bone has been resorbed, and release _________: Acts as a decoy receptor that binds to the ______ ligand with a much higher affinity than _____, preventing the activation of additional osteoclast precursors so they remain as _______ in the ______ ______
  • Osteoclasts than undergo _______
A
  • Osteoblasts; Osteoprotegerin; RANKL; RANK; Macrophage; Bone Marrow
  • Apoptosis
19
Q

Components of Mature Bone

1) _____ ______ Bone: Outer layer with ______/_____ that are cylindrical units surrounding a ______/_______ Canal. _______ lamella of bone matrix surround the canal. ________ canals are channels through which _____ _____ and _____ travel from 1 surface to another, and run ______ to Haversian Canals.
2) _______ Bone: Inner bone consisting of _______ or spicules have numerous interconnecting narrow spaces
3) ______ Supply: _______ travels from the marrow, into & through bone to the ________ veins by passing through _________ ________

A

1) Compact Lamellar; Haversian Systems/Osteons; Haversian/Osteonal; Concentric; Volkmann’s; blood vessels; nerves; perpendicular
2) Spongy; trabeculae
3) Blood; blood; Periosteal; Haversian canals

20
Q

Formation of Lamellar Bone

1) A new _________ ________ forms under the periosteum
2) Ridges of the_______ fuse around the vasculature and the groove becomes a bony tunnel enclosing the _____ _______
3) Additional bone lamellae is deposited around the tunnel, which gets converted into the ______ ______ with newer lamellar bone on the ______.
4) The Haversian ______ continues to receive blood through _______ _______ that extend obliquely across the _________
- Process is mediated mostly by __________
- _____ _______: Remnants of preexisting Haversian Systems replaced by newer ones during remodeling
- As one ______ ______ is formed by Osteoblasts, another is dismantled by ________and is either replaced or rebuilt

A

1) Haversian System
2) Periosteum; blood vessel
3) Haversian Canal; inside
4) Vessel; Volkmann’s Canal; Diaphysis
- Osteoblasts
- Interstitial Lamellae
- Haversian System; Osteoclasts

21
Q

Regulation of Bone Turnover

  • Balance between bone resorption and formation is regulated by ________
  • _______ ______(___): Binds to receptors on Osteoblasts and increases pool of _____, this means more can bind to ______ on Osteoclast Precursor Macrophages. ____ also stimulates the synthesis of _____ the ligand leading the formation of Macrophages and their increased expression of _____. This results in ______ bone ______ and the release of _______.
  • _____ also inhibits the synthesis of __________ by Osteoblasts leading to further bone _______.
  • ______ & _______: Decrease the release of Calcium
  • ______ & _______: Maintain stable skeletal mass in males & both stimulate ___________ synthesis by Osteoblasts while also reducing _______ availability leading to ______ bone resorption
A
  • Hormones
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); RANKL; RANK; PTH; M-CSF; RANK; Increased; Resorption; Calcium
  • Parathyroid Hormone; Osteoprotegerin; resorption
  • Calcitonin & Vitamin D
  • Estrogens & Androgens; Osteoprotegerin; RANKL; decreased

BS 2 Module 3 (12 decks)

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