Care of the Cancer Patient Flashcards
Hyperplasia- Stressor causes
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue. Rapid body growth is a cause(ie growth spurt)Callus
Metaplasia- Stressor causes(tobacco)
conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
Dysplasia- Stressor causes (tobacco)
Bizzare cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same cell type
neoplasia
Uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiological demands
Anaplasia
Cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin( Malignant cells)
Metastasis
Spread of Abnormal cells to other origins of the body
Lymphatic metastasis(spread)
transport of tumor through the lymphatic circulation
Hematogenus Spread
Transport from blood supply of tumor to other origins of the body
Angogenesis
Ability to induce(grow) new capillaries in a tumor from the host cells to meet the needs of the tumors nutrients and oxygen.
Cancer
A disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA
Primary Prevention of Cancer
is concerned with the reduction of cancer risk through health promotion
Secondary prevention of cancer
Detection and screening to achieve early diagnosis and intervention in individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer
Primary Prevention
- maintian a healthy weight
- adopt a physically active lifestyle
- consume a healthy diet with emphasis on plant sources
- avoid known carcinogens(tobacco, carbon)
Secondary Prevetion
Goal to decrease cancer morbitity and mortality
- Cancer Screening-
- Self-breast exam(monthly)/mamography(yearly after 40)
- Self testicular exam(monthly)
- Screening Colonoscopy50 and every ten years after/FOB Yearly
- Pap Smear every 3 years
Tertiary Prevention
Focus on monitory for and preventing recurrence of primary cancer as well as screening for secondary mallignancies.
Often found in lymphoma, and Leukemia
What are the CAUTION warning Signs of Cancer
- C= Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A= A sore that does not heal
- U= Unsusual bleeding or discharges
- T= Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
- I= Indegestion or difficulty swallowing
- O= Obvious changes in wart or mole
- N= Nagging cough or hoarsness
Diagnostic techniques
Biopsy
MRI
PET
Tumor Staging Size
T The extent of the tumor
0-4 higher number worse off
x= tumor can not be assessed
ie T1 T2 T3 T4 Tx
Tumor Staging Metastisis
N The absence or pressence of Regional metastisis
N0 No regional lymph node metastisis
0-3 extent of regional involvement Higher number more involved
ie N0, N1, N2, N3
Tumor Staging Metastisis
The abscense or presence of Distant non regional metastisis
M1 means distant or metastisis present
M0 No distant metastisis
Cancer Staging
Stage 0 or 1 early stages good diagnosis Local not grown into other tissues
Stage 2/3 Larger tumors more invasive to nearby tissues and have spread to lymph nodes
Stage 4 Cancer has metstisised to other parts of the body
Types of cancer management include
Cure- Complete eradication
Control- Prolonged survival and containment
Palliatation= relief of symptoms association of quality of life
Types of surgery
- Diagnostic
- biopsy, needle, incisional
- Primary Surgery
- Local excision of tumor lymph and surronding tissue
- Prophlyactic-
- removing non vital organs that are likely to develop cancer
- Factors considered
- family and genetic predispositoin
- presence or abscene of symptoms
- potential risks
- patients acceptance of the post=op outcome
Paliative Surgical Procedures
- Drainage tubes
- G and J tubes
- Stent placements
- nerve blocks
- hormone manipulation
- venous access device placement(Central line, Medi port)
Radiaton Therapy
- Delivery of radiation to a small amount of tissue at a high dose in a short time.
- treatment plan is determined by the radio sensitivity of the tumor cells
- Most effective in damagin or killing cells during the synthesis or mitosis phases of the cell cycle
Raditon therapy is curative where, controling how and palliative when
- Curative -thyroid, head and neck uterus and cervix
- Control is used to Reduce size especially prior to surgery
- palliative is used in irradiating the brain to prevent leukemic cells. it is also used in reducing pain in bones in multiple myeloma
When is a patient radioactive, When are they not
External radiation leaves the patient free of radiation
Implanted or internal radiation leaves the patient with a radioactive level
External beam radiation is
Focused based on need, strength and size of need. it does not leave tissue radioactive but targets cancer cells as best as possble. May leave side effects on surrounding tissue but preserves 95% of tissues
Special attention should be paid to reactions including Skin care keep skin clean and dry, avoid harsh soaps guard from irritation and do not use extreme temps on skin areas
