Care of the Cancer Patient

Question 1

Hyperplasia- Stressor causes

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue. Rapid body growth is a cause(ie growth spurt)Callus

Question 2

Metaplasia- Stressor causes(tobacco)

Answer 2

conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell

Question 3

Dysplasia- Stressor causes (tobacco)

Answer 3

Bizzare cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same cell type

Question 4

neoplasia

Answer 4

Uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiological demands

Question 5

Anaplasia

Answer 5

Cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin( Malignant cells)

Question 6

Metastasis

Answer 6

Spread of Abnormal cells to other origins of the body

Question 7

Lymphatic metastasis(spread)

Answer 7

transport of tumor through the lymphatic circulation

Question 8

Hematogenus Spread

Answer 8

Transport from blood supply of tumor to other origins of the body

Question 9

Angogenesis

Answer 9

Ability to induce(grow) new capillaries in a tumor from the host cells to meet the needs of the tumors nutrients and oxygen.

Question 10

Cancer

Answer 10

A disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA

Question 11

Primary Prevention of Cancer

Answer 11

is concerned with the reduction of cancer risk through health promotion

Question 12

Secondary prevention of cancer

Answer 12

Detection and screening to achieve early diagnosis and intervention in individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer

Question 13

Primary Prevention

Answer 13

• maintian a healthy weight
• adopt a physically active lifestyle
• consume a healthy diet with emphasis on plant sources
• avoid known carcinogens(tobacco, carbon)

Question 14

Secondary Prevetion

Answer 14

Goal to decrease cancer morbitity and mortality

1. Cancer Screening-
   
   1. Self-breast exam(monthly)/mamography(yearly after 40)
   2. Self testicular exam(monthly)
   3. Screening Colonoscopy50 and every ten years after/FOB Yearly
      
      1. Pap Smear every 3 years

Question 15

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 15

Focus on monitory for and preventing recurrence of primary cancer as well as screening for secondary mallignancies.

Often found in lymphoma, and Leukemia

Question 16

What are the CAUTION warning Signs of Cancer

Answer 16

• C= Change in bowel or bladder habits
• A= A sore that does not heal
• U= Unsusual bleeding or discharges
• T= Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
• I= Indegestion or difficulty swallowing
• O= Obvious changes in wart or mole
• N= Nagging cough or hoarsness

Question 17

Diagnostic techniques

Answer 17

Biopsy

MRI

PET

Question 18

Tumor Staging Size

Answer 18

T The extent of the tumor

0-4 higher number worse off

x= tumor can not be assessed

ie T1 T2 T3 T4 Tx

Question 19

Tumor Staging Metastisis

Answer 19

N The absence or pressence of Regional metastisis

N0 No regional lymph node metastisis

0-3 extent of regional involvement Higher number more involved

ie N0, N1, N2, N3

Question 20

Tumor Staging Metastisis

Answer 20

The abscense or presence of Distant non regional metastisis

M1 means distant or metastisis present

M0 No distant metastisis

Question 21

Cancer Staging

Answer 21

Stage 0 or 1 early stages good diagnosis Local not grown into other tissues

Stage 2/3 Larger tumors more invasive to nearby tissues and have spread to lymph nodes

Stage 4 Cancer has metstisised to other parts of the body

Question 22

Types of cancer management include

Answer 22

Cure- Complete eradication

Control- Prolonged survival and containment

Palliatation= relief of symptoms association of quality of life

Question 23

Types of surgery

Answer 23

• Diagnostic
  
  • biopsy, needle, incisional
• Primary Surgery
  
  • Local excision of tumor lymph and surronding tissue
• Prophlyactic-
  
  • removing non vital organs that are likely to develop cancer
  • Factors considered
    
    • family and genetic predispositoin
    • presence or abscene of symptoms
    • potential risks
      
      • patients acceptance of the post=op outcome

Question 24

Paliative Surgical Procedures

Answer 24

• Drainage tubes
• G and J tubes
• Stent placements
• nerve blocks
• hormone manipulation
• venous access device placement(Central line, Medi port)

Question 25

Radiaton Therapy

Answer 25

• Delivery of radiation to a small amount of tissue at a high dose in a short time.
• treatment plan is determined by the radio sensitivity of the tumor cells
• Most effective in damagin or killing cells during the synthesis or mitosis phases of the cell cycle

Question 26

Raditon therapy is curative where, controling how and palliative when

Answer 26

• Curative -thyroid, head and neck uterus and cervix
• Control is used to Reduce size especially prior to surgery
• palliative is used in irradiating the brain to prevent leukemic cells. it is also used in reducing pain in bones in multiple myeloma

Question 27

When is a patient radioactive, When are they not

Answer 27

External radiation leaves the patient free of radiation

Implanted or internal radiation leaves the patient with a radioactive level

Question 28

External beam radiation is

Answer 28

Focused based on need, strength and size of need. it does not leave tissue radioactive but targets cancer cells as best as possble. May leave side effects on surrounding tissue but preserves 95% of tissues

Special attention should be paid to reactions including Skin care keep skin clean and dry, avoid harsh soaps guard from irritation and do not use extreme temps on skin areas