Cardiovascular System: Lecture 1 - Introduction to cardiovascular anatomy

Question 1

What is the basic function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

To maintain a constant internal environment

Question 2

What substances are exchanged in the CVS?

Answer 2

-O2 and nutrients are absorbed -cellular products such as hormones are released into body -CO2 and waste is removed

Question 3

Where are gases and nutrients exchanged?

Answer 3

Capillary beds

Question 4

Why are vessels thinner as we move further away from the heart? e.g at arterioles

Answer 4

so diffusion can occur

Question 5

Explain the 7 vessels blood pass through? (oxygenated to deoxygenated)

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the 2 types of circulation through the heart?

Answer 6

1. Systemic circulation system - to and from the body 2. Pulmonary circulation system - to and from the lungs

Question 7

What blood does the right side contain?

Answer 7

Deoxygenated

Question 8

What blood does the left side contain?

Answer 8

Oxygenated

Question 9

Draw a diagram of the two pumps of the heart, the vessels and where the vessels go

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the two functional parts of the CVS?

Answer 10

1. Conducting system - vasculature (tubes - arteries ad veins) 2. Exchange system - capillary beds

Question 11

What does the exchange system do?

Answer 11

-Link smallest arterioles to smallest venules -Forms a continuous exchange system between blood and extracellular fluid

Question 12

Where does the blood come from that fills the right atrium?

Answer 12

Superior and inferior vena cava

Question 13

Where does the blood come from that fills the left atrium?

Answer 13

Pulmonary veins

Question 14

When blood leaves the right ventricle, where does it go?

Answer 14

The lungs via the pulmonary trunk (which is then divided into the right and left pulmonary artery)

Question 15

When blood leaves the left ventricle, where does it go?

Answer 15

The body via the aorta

Question 16

Where does the heart recide?

Answer 16

The pericardial sac

Question 17

Try to annotate this diagram of the heart

Answer 17

This is what we’d see if we removed the anterior chest wall and looked into the thoracic cavity

Question 18

Annotate this image of the right atrium

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the name of the wall that separates the right and left atrium?

Answer 19

intertribal septum

Question 20

What are pectinate muscles and why are they important?

Answer 20

They are muscular ridges and are important for contraction of the atria and preventing it from over extended

Question 21

Annotate this image of the right ventricle

Answer 21

Question 22

Why is the left ventricle much thicker than the right?

Answer 22

Because its projecting blood to the whole body

Question 23

Annotate this diagram of the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 23

Question 24

What are the names of the branches that emerge from the aorta to supply the head?

Answer 24

The carotid arteries

Question 25

What are the names of the branches that emerge from the aorta to supply the upper limbs?

Answer 25

The subclavian arteries

Question 26

Where is the subclavian artery located?

Answer 26

Recides underneath the clavicle

Question 27

How does the aorta branch off? Which arteries emerge?

Answer 27

-Brachiocephalic trunk separates into R. subclavian artery and R. common carotid after -aorta also branches twice more, into the L. common carotid artery and the L. subclavian artery

Question 28

Which arteries supply the heart with blood?

Answer 28

Coronary arteries

Question 29

What might happen if theres a sudden blockage in the coronary arteries?

Answer 29

Ischaemia - inadequate blood supply This can lead to myocardial infarction

Question 30

How do you treat blockages?

Answer 30

Coronary artery bypass

Question 31

Annotate this image

Answer 31

Question 32

How do we categorise the abdomen?

Answer 32

Into 3 vascular planes: A = ventral, unpaired arteries to gastrointestinal tract B= paired, arteries to paired internal organs (e.g kidneys/gonads C= parted, segmental arteries to body wall (e.g intercostal arteries)

Question 33

Describe the anatomy of the descending aorta

Answer 33

Question 34

What is coarctation?

Answer 34

Narrowing of the aorta so theres a decrease in blood flow to inferior body

Question 35

How do we fix coarctation?

Answer 35

We create a collateral blood supply - blood travels through smaller vessels instead of aorta (different route)

Question 36

Where can collateral circulation develop?

Answer 36

Between proximal and distal aorta via intercostal and internal thoracic arteries

Question 37

What artery supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 37

Musculophrenic artery

Question 38

At which vertebrae does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 38

T12 (aortic civatus) - has 12 letters so passes through t12

Question 39

Which two pairs of arteries supply the limbs?

Answer 39

upper limb - subclavian lower limb - external iliac

Question 40

Where do limb vessels lie?

Answer 40

In the flexor compartment of he limb - protected

Question 41

Name the significant limb arteries

Answer 41

Question 42

How do veins mirror arteries?

Answer 42

Upper limb into subclavian veins Lower limb into external iliac vein

Question 43

What are deep veins found near?

Answer 43

They surround their corresponding artery e.g radial arter = radial vein

Question 44

Give 2 features of deep veins

Answer 44

-usually dup- or triplicated -helps to maintain core body temp (countercurrent heat exchanger)

Question 45

Where does the lymphatic system empty into?

Answer 45

The venous system

Question 46

Explain the route from the lymphatic plexus to the venous system

Answer 46

1. Lymphatic plexuses (amongst capillaries) 2. Lymphatic vessels (alongside arteries) 3. Lymph nodes 4. Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct 5. Venous system

Question 47

What do the thin wall tubes in the lymphatic system transport?

Answer 47

Interstitual fluid, bacteria, cellular debris & whole cells (lymphocytes)

Question 48

Why are patterns of lymph important clinically?

Answer 48

To predict or back track primary tumour

Question 49

What are the 2 main things the circulatory system consists of?

Answer 49

CVS and lymphatic system