Cardiovascular strand: Lecture 5 - blood vessels Flashcards by Antonia Salem

Name 15 conditions that diseases of blood vessels can present?

-myocardial infarction -aneurysm -collapse -hypertension -peripheral arterial disease -amputation -gangrene -ulcers -claudication -skin rash -headache -blindness -renal failure -TIA -stroke

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What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Cardiovascular disease 1 death every 4 mins

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Whats the difference between arteries and veins?

Artery - thicker wall, smaller lumen, rounder appearance Vein - thinner walls, larger lumen, can be squashed

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Explain the passage of a RBC through 6 main types of blood vessels

-elastic artery -muscular artery -arterioles -capillaries -venules -veins

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Explain the structure of the main blood vessel types

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What are the 4 layers of veins and arteries?

from outside to in: -tunica externa -tunica media -tunica intima -endothelium

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What are the differences in structure of a muscular artery and an elastic artery?

-muscular artery has smaller lumen -muscular artery has thicker tunica media

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What is endocarditis?

Endocardium disease characterized by inflammation of the endocardium of the heart chambers

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What is the function of the endothelium?

-blood pressure regulation -regeneration and repair

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What are the characteristics of veins?

-3 layers -no elastic laminar -thin muscular wall -large diameter -low resistance -has valves to prevent back flow (compresses veins) -act as a reservoir of blood

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What are varicose veins?

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Compare the features of the tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa in arteries and veins

slide 12

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What is the capillary wall formed from?

epithelia cells and basement membrane

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How do RBCs fit through capillaries?

They deform so they can fit - single file flow

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What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoid

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Why are continuous capillaries most common?

-found in most tissues -water/ions/small molecules can pass intracellular cleft -forms basis of blood brain barrier

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Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

-small intestine -kidney -endocrine organs: pituitary releasing thyroxine or GH (for anything that needs to get in and out easily)

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Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

-liver -spleen/bone marrow -lymph nodes

What are sinusoid capillaries for?

for specialised things -allows large molecules to pass like plasma / proteins

What is Virchow’s triad?

What is frictionless flow?

No resistance exerted on blood

What is laminar flow?

Most efficient way of blood flow

What is turbulent flow?

-mixing of blood -different direction -noisy blood flow -can cause fibrosis -must be turbulent blood flow to take blood pressure

Is blood flow faster in the centre or walls of vessels?

Centre - all blood for in layers, without mixing and touching each other

What is systemic arterial blood pressure?

Blood pressure

What is resistance factors?

Anything that slows blood flow

Explain the measurements when taking blood pressure e.g x/y

x- systolic pressure (bigger and higher number) - blood ejected during ventricular contraction y- (lower number)

What is MAP?

Mean arterial pressure - the average pressure of the arteries/tissues approximated by diastolic pressure + one third of pulse pressure slide 17

What is pulse pressure?

Pulse pressure is the (higher) systolic blood pressure minus the (lower) diastolic blood pressure

What are the 5 factors that effect blood flow?

1. Cardiac output 2. Compliance - Ability for any compartment to expand or increase content e.g a balloon is very compliant 3. Volume of blood 4. Viscosity of the blood 5. blood vessel length and diameter

What is Poiseuille's law? When is it applicable?

Describes only laminar flow (not turbulent)

What does Poiseuille's law tell us about the relationship between flow and viscosity?

They are inversely proportional (thicker blood = more resistant)

What does Poiseuille's law tell us about the relationship between length of vessel and resistance?

directly proportional longer = more resistance

Explain how av BP, velocity of blood flow, vessel diameter and total cross-sectional area varies across different flood vessels

Explain how homeostasis is restored when blood flow changes

What is a sphincter?

an annular muscle surrounding and able to contract or close a bodily opening.

Give 4 age related changes to blood vessels?

-fibrous thickening of intima -fibrosis and scarring of media -accumulation of ground substance -fragmentation of elastic lamina

What is arteriosclerosis?

-where arteries are flamed or injured -become less compliant -BP and resistance increase -turbulent blood flow -stress to walls -weakens and scars it making it sclerotic -triglycerides get trapped under arteries -WBC and leukocytes come under and form a plaque

What is an aneurysm?

Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

What is an AAA?

Abdominal aortic aneurysm- an enlarged area in the lower part of the major vessel that supplies blood to the body (aorta)

What are the risk factors for aneurysms?

-Age -Sex -Family History -Smoking -Hypertension -Hyperlipideamia

What is thrombosis?

Lung clots

What is vasculitis?

inflammation of the blood vessels