Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 4 sinuses?
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
What is the function of the sinuses?
- important for conditioning of air and the resonance of air during speaking
- also produces mucus and reduce skull weight
Explain the path of air when you breath in through your nose
- Air enters nasal cavity
- Its conditioned (moistened, warmed)
- Travels under conchae in meatuses
- Enters paranasal sinus
What does the epiglottis do?
Seals off larynx during swallowing
What do conchae do?
create turbulence of inspired air
What does the larynx do?
involved in breathing, producing sound, articulation of speech
What seperates the nasal pharynx from the oropharynx?
Uvula
What seperates the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx?
Epiglottis
Which tonsils are the tonsils you would think of as our regular tonsils?
Palatine tonsils
Which arch is further towards the uvula - the palatoglossal arch or the palatopharyngeal arch?
the palatopharyngeal arch
What separates the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch?
palatine tonsils
What is the opening between the vocal folds in the epiglottis called?
rima glottidis
What cartilage and bone makes up some of the larynx?
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
What are the order of structures we need to know on the rib from the interior facet to the attachment to the costal cartilage?
Head Neck Tubercle Angle Costal groove Body
What are the different parts of the parietal pleura?
cervical pleura
costal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
mediastinal pleura
What is the function of pleural fluid and where is it found?
- in the pleural cavity
- creates surface tension between 2 pleural layers: changes shape of thoracic cage
What are the 3 accessory respiratory muscles?
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
What are each of the accessory respiratory muscles attached too?
Pectoralis major - superior head attaches to clavicle and inferior head attaches to sternum
Pectoralis minor - attached to a part on the scapular then the ribs
Serratus anterior - attaches to lateral edge of ribs 1-8
Why are accessory respiratory muscles important?
During times of respiratory distress, these muscles contract to help elevate the thoracic cage during inspiration
What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle consist of?
-intercostal vein
-intercostal artery
-intercostal nerve
VAN (unless flipped)
Where is the intercostal neurovascular bundle?
sits in the costal groove, between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
What does the intercostal nerve and artery supply?
the intercostal muscles
What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle supply?
the parietal pleura
Which arteries supply the intercostal space?
The aorta supplies posterior intercostal arteries
The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior intercostal arteries
What does the intercostal vein do?
Drains intercostal muscles of deoxygenated blood and empties into the azygous system
Where does the azygous vein drain into?
The superior vena cava
What is the laryngeal prominence (Adams apple) formed from?
formed from two thyroid cartilages
What do C-shaped cartilage rings do?
They support the trachea - they keep the airway open/patent
Where is the trachealis muscle?
posterior aspect to the trachea
What is the carina?
the ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs between the division of two main bronchi
What is the difference between the right and left bronchi?
right is a little broader and more vertical than left
What is the difference in the hilum of the right and left lung?
bronchus is above pulmonary artery on right lung
pulmonary artery is above bronchus on left lung
What connects the hilum to the base of the lung?
the pulmonary ligament
Which lung has a horizontal and oblique fissure?
the right lung
What are the differences between the right and left lung?
Right is broader and shorter
What is the slight extension on the mediastinal surface of the lung called?
Lingula
Where does the trachea bifocate into primary bronchi?
the sternal angle / T4/T5
How many lobes do the left and right lung have
Right has 3 - upper, middle and lower
Left has 2 - upper and lower (due to the presence of heart)
Where is the left vagus nerve found and what does it do?
- Loops around the arch of the aorta
- it comes from brain stem and supplies parasympathetic innovation to some structures in thorax e.g bronchi
What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?
- Smell
- Warm/humidifies air
- Removes/traps pathogens
- Drains/clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
What does the nasolacrimal duct do?
drains tears from eye, opening in the inferior meatus
What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?
mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic
What does the brachiocephalic trunk consist of?
- brachiocephalic artery that splits into right subclavian and right common carotid artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
What ligament connects the aorta to the pulmonary trunk?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
serous and fibrous
What do the left and right brachiocephalic veins drain into?
SVC
What are the brachiocephalic veins formed by?
Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
What is the ligament arteriosum called in foetus?
ductus arteriosus
its patent in foetuses
Allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the lungs
What do auricles of the atria do?
Act as reserves when there is an increased amount of blood back to the heart e.g during exercise
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
- circumflex branch (loops within the intraventricular groove)
- anterior intraventricular branch
- left marginal branch
- diagonal
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
- posterior intraventricular branch
- marginal branch
At what point do the coronary arteries emerge from the aorta?
The aortic sinus
Where do the coronary veins drain into?
Coronary sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium as its deoxygenated blood
Where is the phrenic nerve found?
Phrenic nerve adheres to the lateral surface of the pericardium as it travels anterior to the root of the lung to supply the diaphragm with motor innervation
Where does the vagus nerve run?
from the brain stem, posteriollary around the arch of the aorta
What are the 3 cardiac veins?
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein
What are the 2 sinuses of the pericardium?
- transverse pericardial sinus
- oblique pericardial sinus
What is a plexus?
A braid of nerves
where does the phrenic nerve come from?
emerges from the spinal chord at level C3, C4, C5
What plexuses are in the thorax?
- pulmonary plexus
- cardiac plexus
- oesophageal plexus
What form of autonomic innervation does the vagus nerve receive?
Parasympathetic - supplies pulmonary, cardiac and oesophageal plexuses
What do intercostal nerves loop around?
Intercostal spaces
Where are the recurrent laryngeal nerves?
Left recurrent laryngeal - branch of vagus nerve. Passes underneath the arch of the aorta to supply the larynx and voice box
Right recurrent laryngeal - loops under brachiocephalic artery, ascending. towards the larynx to supply the laryngeal muscles
What is the thoracic cage and wall drained by?
The azygous system:
- intercostal veins drain into azygous
- azygous drains into SVC
What is the fossa ovalis and what did it use to be?
Slight indentation on the interatrial septum - this was once a hole where blood would travel from the right to left atria during foetal development to bypass the lungs - the foramen ovale
How is the atrial wall divided?
Smooth part
Rough part - trabeculae carnae
Cristae terminalis - muscular ridge seperates rough and smooth parts
What is intersucception?
Pulmonary veins encorporated into the wall of the left atrium
What are the tendinous chords/ cordus tendinae held in place by?
Papillary muscles
What do Papillary muscles do?
contract to prevent tricuspid valve from herniating back into the right atrium during ventricular systole
What is the moderator band and what does it do?
- Goes from intraventricular septum towards papillary muscles
- its role in cardiac cycle: just before ventricular systole, purkinje fibres project through the moderator band to the papillary muscles, so the papillary muscles can contract
When does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10 - 10th thoracic vertebrae
oesophagus = 10 letters
How would you know you’re being shown a prossection of the back of the heart?
If theres only 2 pins, you know its the back as theres only the coronary sinus and posterior intraventricular artery
What is the function of the auditory tube?
It opens and closes in response to changes in external air pressure in order to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
It may close in response to loud noises to protect delicate ear structures.
It clears mucus from the middle ear
What is a sphincter?
A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
What lies immediately superior to the roof of the nasal cavity?
frontal sinus
What is tonsillitis?
Inflammation of the tonsils via a bacterial or viral infection
What does a typical rib articulate with?
A typical rib articulates with the body of the numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above.
What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal?
Innervate the muscles of the larynx
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
Drain lymph from the entire body except for the upper right quadrant of the body. Drains into the venous system at the formation of the left brachiocephalic vein
Terminates at the formation of the left brachiocephalic vein.
