Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system include?

Answer 1

Blood vessels, heart and blood

Question 2

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

Transport → circulation of blood through a network of vessels.Delivery → heart pumps nutrients from gastrointestinal tract,hormones from endocrine glands, oxygen from lungs through the blood. Removal → blood flow facilitates removal of waste products ie sodium and carbon dioxide

Question 3

Blood vessels

Answer 3

Forma continuous network whereby arteries take oxygenated blood to body tissues and join through a network of capillaries to veins which takethe deoxygenated blood back to the lungs via the heart

Question 4

Arteries structure

Answer 4

Thick wall → containing smooth muscle and fewer classic fibres
Smooth muscle contracts to constrict lumen (vasoconstriction) and relaxes (vasodilation)
Distribute blood without fall in bp
Blood at higher pressure than in veins

Question 5

Veins structure

Answer 5

Larger diameter lumens
Thin walls
Minimal smooth muscle
Distensible and collapsible
Veins in extremines contain more values to aid return of blood to heart against gravity
Hold 60 - 70% of blood volume

Question 6

Systemic circulation

Answer 6

Around the whole body system

Question 7

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 7

To and from the lungs

Question 8

Pulmonary vessels → pulmonary arteries

Answer 8

Left and right pulmonary arteries → transport
deoxygenated blood (returned to heart via superior and inferior vena cava) from the right atrium and ventricle, back to the lungs

Question 9

Pulmonary vessels → pulmonary veins

Answer 9

Left and right pulmonary veins → oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium to be circulated
around the body via the aorta

Question 10

Great vessels →superior vena cava

Answer 10

Brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium of the heart from the head, neck and upper limbs

Question 11

Great vessels →ascending aorta

Answer 11

Takes oxygenated blood from left ventricle of the heart to circulate around the systemic circulation

Question 12

Great vessels → inferior vena cava

Answer 12

Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart from the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs

Question 13

Great vessels → aortic arch

Answer 13

Is a continuation of the ascending aorta which arches posteriarly to the heart to continue into the descending aorta ( thoracic and abdominal)

Question 14

Branches from arch of aorta

Answer 14

Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Arch of hard a
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary artery
Ascending aorta

Question 15

What is Serosal pericardium?

Answer 15

Visceral layer → directly surrounds heart
Parietal layer → directly on the deep surface of
Fibrous pericardium
Pericardial fluid →serous fluid filling pericardial cavity
function is to reduce friction

Question 16

What is fibrous pericardium?

Answer 16

Dense irregular connective tissue forming superficial layer of pericardium
Attached inferiorly to diaphragm and superiorly to great vessels of heart
Function is to limit heart motion and prevent heart over expansion

Question 17

Endocardium

Answer 17

Smooth, thin inner membrane
Composed of endothelial cells.
Also covers heart valves.
Helps to prevent resistance as blood flows

Question 18

Myocardium

Answer 18

Heart muscle, composed of cardiac muscle fibres
Thin in atria, thick in ventricles

Question 19

Epicardium

Answer 19

Thin outer serous membrane (visceral pericardium)
Composed mainly of connective tissue mesothelial cells giving smooth texture to outer heart.

Question 20

4 chambers of the heart

Answer 20

Right atrium→ received deoxygenated venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
Right ventricle → receives blood from the rt atrium through tricuspid valve. Blood exits via pulmonary trunk
Left atrium→ received oxygenated blood from right and left pulmonary veins
Left ventricle→ received blood from the left atrium via bicuspid valve. Blood exits the left ventricle via the aorta. Left ventricle has thick walls

Question 21

4 heart values

Answer 21

Tricuspid/Rt atrioventricular – between the Rt atrium and Rt ventricle

Mitral/bicuspid/ Lt atrioventricular – between the Lt atrium and Lt ventricle

Pulmonary (semilunar) – between the Rt ventricle and Pulmonary trunk

Aortic (semilunar) – between the Lt ventricle and ascending aorta

Question 22

Coronary circulation: arteries

Answer 22

Left coronary artery
arises from the aorta→left coronary artery circumflex artery → Left coronary artery:
Anterior interventricular artery Also known as Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) → Left coronary artery:
Left marginal artery