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Life Sciences For Paramedics > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

On the mediastinum, lies in between the two lungs and plural membranes

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2
Q

What is the outer and protective layer of the heart called? & What is its function?

A

the pericardium which is composed of tough outer fibrous layer. The fibrous sac encloses the heart and helps to retain its position on the mediastinum while still allowing freedom of movement.

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3
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

It is the inflammation of the lining around the heart which causes chest pain and can affect cardiac output

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4
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium = outer layer (contains blood vessels)
Myocardium = middle layer (composed of cardiac muscle)
Endocardium = the innermost layer (composes of the valves, inner linings of the chambers and contains vessels & nerves - allows for smooth movement of the blood).

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5
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Left Atria
Right Atria
(both receive blood flowing into the heart)

Left ventricle
Right ventricle
(with pump blood out of heart)

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6
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Receives DE-OXYGENATED blood that has travelled around body - it pumps the blood to your lungs to collect a fresh supply of oxygen

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7
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives OXYGEN-RICH blood from the lungs and pumps it through arteries to rest of body

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8
Q

What are heart valves?

A

Blood flows around heart & body in 1 direction - heart valves control the direction of the blood flow - act like doors that open and close with very heartbeat - they prevnt backflow

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9
Q

Name the 4 valves in the heart

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

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10
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

These valves are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. Both are situated between the atria and the ventricles - both prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atria during systole.

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11
Q

What are the outflow valves? & Where are they positioned?

A

Right outflow valve called pulmonary valve opens into pulmonary trunk

Left outflow valve called aortic valve opens into the cardiac arch

Positioned at entrance to the outflow vessels which lead into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

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12
Q

What prevents the valves from being damaged?

A

As ventricles start to contract the closing AV valves are subject to strong forces - the AV valves are tethered to the walls of the ventricles by “heart strings” - (chordae tendinae). The papillary muscles pull on AV valves via the chordae tendinae - slowing the closure & preventing trauma to valves.

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13
Q

What are arteries? & Describe their structure

A

Vessels that conduct blood away from heart - arteries contain OXYGENATED blood.
Structure = Most arteries are thick walled & have small lumens - they are exposed to high pressure and friction forces.

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14
Q

What are veins? & Describe their structure

A

Vessels that always bring blood back to the heart. Veins contain DEOXYGENATED blood.
Structure = most veins are thin walled & have large lumen - they are exposed to low pressures and minimal friction forces.

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15
Q

What are the major arteries that attach to the heart?

A

Arch of aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Coronary arteries

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16
Q

What are the major veins that attach to the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava
The four pulmonary veins
Coronary sinus

17
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from heart. They control blood pressure and blood flow throughout body using their muscles to hence their diameter

18
Q

What are capillaries? & Describe the structure?

A

They are the smallest vessels which allow exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid - they connect the arteries and the veins.
Structure = narrow diameters, RBC pass single file through lumen of vessel

19
Q

What is the role of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

It is to regulate changes in blood pressure, blood flow and blood volume to maintain enough cardiac output to always provide for all organs - ie to maintain homeostasis.

20
Q

What does atrial diastole mean in cardiac cycle?

A

When the atria are relaxed, low pressure and chambers fill with blood.

21
Q

What does atrial systole mean?

A

(ventricles are relaxed) This is where the atria contracts pressure increases, volume DECREASES and this opens the AV valves causing blood to flow out of the atria and into the ventricles

22
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

This is when the ventricles are relaxed (lower pressure in ventricles than atria) and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles through AV valves

23
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

(atria is relaxed) Ventricles contract , pressure increases (volume decreases) outflow valves open and blood flows out of ventricles to the pulmonary artery (right) and aorta (left)

24
Q

Where is the apex of the heart normally pointed?

A

To the left of the midline

25
Q

Which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

26
Q

Which wave in an ECG represents depolarisation of the ventricles?

A

T wave

27
Q

Which ECG waves represent atrial depolarisation?

A

P wave

28
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle every beat 70ml approx

29
Q

How do you figure out cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (CO) = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

30
Q

Name 3 important factors that affect Stroke volume

A
  • amount of ventricular filling before contraction (preload)
  • contractility of ventricle
  • resistance in the blood vessels the heart is pumping into (called after load)
31
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

The amount of extra blood the heart can pump per minute over and above its resting output.

Average cardiac reserve is 4 - 5 times resting value

32
Q

What is a sinoatrial node? (SA) & where is it located?

A

Can also be known as sinus node

Group of specialised cells in heart - generates electrical impulses that regulate the hearts rhythm and rate ie the pacemaker - located in the right atrial wall just below where the superior vena cava enters the chamber

33
Q

Name the two types of venules

A
  • Post capillary venules
  • Muscular venules
34
Q

What are venules?

A

The smallest veins which receive blood from capillaries. Also play role in exchange of oxygen and nutrients for water products

35
Q

What are included in the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and mitral valve

36
Q

What are included in the seminary valves?

A

Aortic valve and the Pulmonary valve

37
Q
A

Life Sciences For Paramedics (15 decks)

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