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Phsyiology 210 > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system divides into the

A

Heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

bulk flow

A

All components of blood flow together

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3
Q

Highly efficient exchange of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste occurs between cells and regional capillaries

• Mediated by

A

Starling Equilibrium

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4
Q

Small proportion of blood is in the __________ at any given time

A

capillaries

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5
Q

Cell/capillary interface is the

A

powerhouse of the circulatory system

• tremendous feat of nutrient/oxygen supply, hormone delivery & waste removal

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6
Q

Organization of the Cardiovascular System

A
  • closed circulation
    Two circuits:
  • pulmonary circulation
  • systemic circulation
  • arteries: carry blood away form heart
  • veins: carry blood back to heart
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7
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

• Blood moves into the aorta from the left ventricle

• Aorta branches successively into main
arteries supplying organ systems

• Further branching into arterioles and then
capillaries

  • Venules coalesce to form progressively larger veins
  • Veins draining the organ systems join into the inferior and superior vena cava
  • Blood then moves into the right atrium
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8
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Blood moves from right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk – divides into two pulmonary arteries
  • Blood returns to the heart via 4 pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium
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9
Q

Where do lung receive all blood form?

A

Right ventricle

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10
Q

As blood passes through capillaries, it is

A

Oxygenated

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11
Q

There is lower oxygen levels in

A

Systemic venous blood (and pulmonary arterial blood)

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12
Q

Each organ system received blood form the

A

Left ventricle

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13
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

• Sometimes organs obtain blood secondhand form another organ. Supports the unique functions for the organs. Liver part of the largest portal system. Transport blood, nutrient, and hormones.

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14
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Relationship between blood pressure, blood flow, and vascular resistance

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15
Q

Pressure gradients

A
  • drives flow of blood form one region to another

- blood flow always form a region of higher pressure to lower pressure

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16
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood contained within vessel excerpts a force

  • origin of blood pressure is force generated by heart contractions
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17
Q

Determinants of blood flow

A
  • Differences in pressure between two points determines blood flow
  • pressure gradient
  • measured blood flow in L/min (F)
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18
Q

Formula for blood flow

A

Flow = (pressure)/(resistance)

Flow direct with pressure, inverse with resistance

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19
Q

3 determinants of resistance

A
  • viscosity (direct)
  • vessel length (direct)
  • vessel radius (inversed)
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20
Q

Viscosity varies with

A

Hematocrit, protein

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21
Q

Vessel length is relatively

A

Constant, doesn’t control vascular resistance

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22
Q

________ the most important regulator for vascular resistance

A

Radius

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23
Q

Radius is very

A

Dynamic and changes a lot

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24
Q

Heart muscle called

A

Myocardium

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25
Q

Heart is enclosed by

A

epicardium and pericardium

26
Q

Layers of the heart layered by the

A

Endothelium

27
Q

Atrioventricular valves have

A

One way flow to prevent flooding

28
Q

As valves open when the

A

Pressure is higher in the atrium compared to the ventricle

29
Q

When ventricle pressure rises during contraction, the Av valves

A

Close

30
Q

Blood only moves form atrium ton

A

Ventricle

31
Q

Valves tethered to papillary muscles by

A

Chordate tendinae

32
Q

Right ventricle separated form the pulmonary trunk by the

A

Pulmonary valve (blood flows into pulmonary circulation)

33
Q

Left ventricle separates form the aorta by the

A

Aortic valves (blood flows into the systemic circuit)

34
Q

What determines whether the valves are open or closed

A

Pressure gradient

35
Q

Properties of valves

A
  • low resistance to blood flow

- small pressure gradient can facilitate large flow

36
Q

Are there other valves at other entries of the heart

A

No

37
Q

Without valves, in some openings, how is back flow prevented?

A

Atrial contraction partially occluded the blood entry points, high resistance

38
Q

Cardiomyocytes comprise cardiac muscle that

A

Never rest and are arranged in layers

39
Q

Electrical Excitability of Cardiomyocytes

A

Generated ATP, Ca2+ enters cytosol, activates actin myosin cross-bridge formation

40
Q

Other types of cardiac cells are required for cardiomyocyte function in the conduction system:

A
  • electrical contact with cardiomyocyte

- through gap junctions

41
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • inner age cells in atria

- release Ach

42
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • entire heart

- release NE

43
Q

Parasympathetic travelling via

A

vagus nerves

44
Q

Blood within the chambers dont

A

Supply cardiac tissue directly

45
Q

Coronary arteries branch form the

A

aorta behind the aortic valve cusps

  • supplies myocardium within coronary blood flow
46
Q

Venous blood collects in the

A

Coronary sinus, blood flows into the right atrium

47
Q

The heart is essentially two pumps in that

A

The left and right pump simultaneously

48
Q

Atria must contract first to fill ventricles, then the ventricles must

A

rapidly contract to pump blood to pulmonary and systemic circulation

49
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction stimulated by

A

Plasma membrane depolarization, APs transmitted across all cells by gap junctions

50
Q

Initial depolarization originates form the

A

SA node, then spreads through atria, then into the ventricles last

51
Q

SA node is pacemaker for heart, depolarization generates AP which is then coupled with

A

Cardiac muscle contraction, SA node discharge thus determines heart rate

52
Q

Rapid conduction form the SA node ensures contraction

A

Of both atria

53
Q

Modified cardiac cells comprise the

A

AV node and dont contract

54
Q

Where do AP move form ?

A

Form the SA node to the AV node via intermodal pathways

55
Q

AV node links

A

atrial and ventricular depolarization (base of the atrium)

56
Q

AV node conducts slowly, permitting completion of

A

Atrial conduction before the ventricular contraction

57
Q

Purkinje fibres rapidly conduct AP to

A
  • Ventricular myocytes

- Purkinje fibres have large diameters and low resistant gap junction

58
Q

Purkinje fibres cause simultaneous depolarization of all

A

left and right ventriclular cells, permits coordinated contraction begins at the apex, spreading upwards

59
Q

Cardiac cell types feature different ion channels, determining the

A

Shape of the AP

60
Q

3 main ion channel mechanisms of pacemaker potential

A
  • slow decrease in K+ permeability
  • funny Na+ channels
  • T-type Ca+ channels

Phsyiology 210 (18 decks)

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