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Phsyiology 210 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic →

A

autonomous, carries out its functions involuntarily

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2
Q

Functions of the ANS:

A

– Maintenance of homeostasis
(maintain a constant internal env.)

– Activation of emergency mechanisms (eg. Response to stress)

– Housekeeping functions (eg. Digestion)

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3
Q

Afferent neurons →

A

relay sensory information to the CNS

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4
Q

Efferent neurons →

A

relay motor commands from the CNS to target tissues

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5
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect with the spinal cord
  • Attached at the brain (Including brainstem)
  • Cranial nerve → contains both afferent and efferent fibres
  • Spinal nerve → contains both afferent and efferent fibers
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6
Q

Somatic nervous system: efferent nerve of the PNS

A

Single neuron, single target, single synapse, always excitatory

NT: ACh

  • myelinated
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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system: efferent nerve of the PNS

A

• 2 neuron chain connected by a synapse (Ganglion), multiple targets,
excitatory/inhibitory effects

• Ganglion → cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

NT: ACh, NE, EP

  • myelinated preganglionic, unmeylinated postganglionic
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8
Q

Sympathetic trunk/chain →

A

one of paired chains of interconnected sympathetic ganglia that lie on either side of the vertebral column
(Also called paravertebral ganglion)

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9
Q

Sympathetic trunk →

A

paravertebral ganglion

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10
Q

Collateral ganglion →

A

prevertebral ganglion

– Sympathetic ganglia located in front of
the vertebral column, outside the
sympathetic chain, close to the viscera and arteries; innervation of abdominal and pelvic viscera

– Celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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11
Q

Sympathetic division

Neural pathways:

A
  1. Synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion
  2. Travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. Pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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12
Q

Communicating rami in sympathetic pathway

A

two branches which connect a paravertebral ganglion to

a spinal nerve; include white and gray rami

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13
Q

White rami →

A

branch by which a myelinated preganglionic fiber leaves the spinal nerve and enters a sympathetic ganglion

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14
Q

Gray rami →

A

branch by which unmyelinated postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion to re-enter the spinal nerve

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15
Q

The Adrenal Medulla

A

• Outer adrenal cortex and inner
Adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

• Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

  • release EP and NE

– Blood → hormones
– Broken down in liver → prolongs effects on tissues

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16
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Craniosacral

A

• Originate in brainstem and sacral regions (Cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X and S2-S4)

– Supply the visceral structures in the head by the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves and the thorax and upper abdomen by the Vagus (X) nerve

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17
Q

Parasympathetic pathway

• Terminal ganglion →

A

a parasympathetic ganglion situated on or close to an innervated organ, the site where preganglionic nerve fibers terminate

18
Q

Dual Autonomic Innervation

• Autonomic tone →

A

background level of activity maintained by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; balance between
sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts in accordance with the body’s needs

19
Q

Dual Autonomic Innervation

Activated reciprocally →

A

the activity of one system will increase

and the activity of the other will decrease

20
Q
  • Sympathetic dominates during_________

* Parasympathetic dominates during _________

A

“fight or flight”

“rest or digest”

21
Q

Dual innervation →

A

(Most) body organs and tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

22
Q

Exceptions to dual innervation:

A

Adrenal medulla, blood vessels (Most), sweat glands receive sympathetic only

23
Q

Dual Autonomic Innervation

Antagonistic or cooperative effects:

A

• Antagonistic eg.

  • Sympathetic → ↓ GI motility; ↑ heart rate
  • Parasympathetic → ↑ GI motility; ↓ heart rate

• Cooperative eg. Salivary glands → - sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation change the type and volume of
saliva produced

24
Q

Varicosity →

A

chains of swellings along the branches of a postganglionic fiber; contain synaptic vesicles which release NT

– Neurotransmitter may affect many cells simultaneously

– Sympathetic or parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

– All autonomic ganglia
(parasympathetic and sympathetic)

– Parasympathetic postganglionic endings

– A few sympathetic postganglionic endings
(eg. Sweat glands, blood vessels of skeletal muscle)

26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

– Most sympathetic postganglionic endings

– Released from adrenal medulla (also epinephrine; hormones)

27
Q

Cholinergic receptors →

A

bind ACh

– Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

28
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A
  • NM → found in skeletal muscle
  • NN→ found on the postsynaptic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • Ionotropic
29
Q

Nicotinic receptors

• Ionotropic →

A

receptor is also a ligand-gated ion channel

– Binding of ACh opens a cation channel allowing Na+ and K+ through; larger movement of Na+ causes rapid
depolarization of postganglionic neurons

– Produces EPSP (Excitatory response)

30
Q

Receptors

  • N-AChR →
  • M-AChR →
  • Adrenergic R →
A
  • N-AChR → Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
  • M-AChR → Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
  • Adrenergic R → Norepinephrine/epinephrine Receptor
31
Q

Cholinergic receptors →

A

bind ACh

– Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

32
Q

Muscarinic

A
  • M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
  • Found on effector cell membranes (Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

• Metabotropic
– Binding of ACh causes excitation or inhibition of target through G-protein coupled mechanism

33
Q

Adrenergic receptors →

A

bind NE/E
– α (α1,α2) and β (β1,β 2,β3) receptors
– Found on effector cell membranes (Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

– Metabotropic
• Binding of NE/E causes excitation or inhibition of target through G-protein coupled mechanism

34
Q

Muscarinic and Adrenergic Receptors

A
  • Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors and NE/E to adrenergic receptors produces response through G-protein coupled mechanism
  • eg. In smooth muscle etc.
35
Q

Convergence →

A

numerous presynaptic neurons form synapses with a single postsynaptic neuron

(Coming together)

36
Q

Divergence →

A

small number of presynaptic neurons form synapses with a large number of postsynapatic neurons

(Spreading out)

37
Q

Sympathetic nervous system exhibits a greater degree of

A

divergence than the parasympathetic system

38
Q

– Sympathetic →

– Parasympathetic →

A

– Sympathetic → diffuse

– Parasympathetic → specific

39
Q

Spinal cord →

A

integrates autonomic reflexes (Urination, defecation); brain is able to influence these reflexes

40
Q

Medulla oblongata (Brainstem) →

A

contains major ANS reflex centers

centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive activity

41
Q

Hypothalamus →

A

integration and command center for autonomic functions; temperature regulation

Phsyiology 210 (18 decks)

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