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Phsyiology 210 > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of blood

A 
• Transport O 2 , CO 2, nutrients, waste products, ions,
hormones, and heat
• Regulation : ion and PH balance 
• Defense : immune protection 
• Hemostasis : prevention of blood loss
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2
Q

Hematocrit:

A

% of total blood
volume occupied by
packed red blood
cells

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3
Q

Formula for hematocrit

A

(X/Y) X 100%

X: volume of packed red blood cells
Y: total blood volume

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4
Q

Anemia

A

Shortage of RBC and extra plasma

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5
Q

Polycythemia

A

Extra RBC and shortage of plasma

  • thicker blood, more stress on heart
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6
Q

Plasma

A

Non cellular portion of the blood

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7
Q

ECF (outside of the cells) made of

A

Plasma + interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Composition of plasma (liquid portion of the blood)

A

• Mainly water (> 90%)

• Electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements and
gases

• Substances being transported
– CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones

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9
Q

Types of plasma proteins

A
  • Albumins
  • globulins (Made in lymphoid tissue)
  • fibrinogen
  • transferrin
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10
Q

Where are all the types of plasma proteins made ?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Function of albumins

A

Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers for various substances

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12
Q

Function of globulins

A

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers of various substances

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13
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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14
Q

Function of transferris

A

Iron transport

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15
Q

Major functions of plasma proteins

A 
– Distribution of body water
– Buffering
– Transport
– Defence
– Hemostasis
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16
Q

Serum made of ?

A

Serum = Plasma - clotting factors

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17
Q

Normal count for RBC

A
  1. 2 - 5.4 x 10^6 (F)

4. 7- 6.1 x 10^6 (M)

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18
Q

Wat are erythrocytes

A

RBC

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19
Q

Normal count for WBC or leukocytes

A

4.5 -10 x 10^3

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20
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport oxygen

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21
Q

Three categories of WBC

A
  • POLYMORPHONUCLEAR GRANULOCYTES
  • MONOCYTES
  • LYMPHOCYTES
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22
Q

Types of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR GRANULOCYTES

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Gram uses a rented attracted to either dye, its neutral.

  • highly segmented nucleus
  • 40-60%

Function : phagocyte

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24
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granules are attracted to pink acidic dye

  • segmented nucleus
  • 1-4%
  • function: defence against parasites
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25
Q

Basophils

A

Granules attracted to basic blue dye

  • <1%
  • function: inflammation
26
Q

Monocytes

A

Large nucleus

  • 2-8%

Function: phagocyte and immune defence

27
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

B-cells and T-cells

28
Q

B-cells

A
  • 20-40%

Function: antibody production , humoral immunity

29
Q

T-cells

A

20-40%

Function: cellular immunity

30
Q

Platelets function

A

Hemostasis

31
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

32
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen

A

– Prenatal (before birth) = yolk sac, liver, spleen

– Postnatal (after birth) = bone marrow

33
Q

During hematopoiesis, what does the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells turn into

A

Either a

  • lymphoid stem cell—-> lymphocyte (WBC)
  • myeloid stem cell —>RBC or WBC or platelet
34
Q

Where does the T-cells develop

A

In the thymus gland which is located between the lungs

35
Q

Stages of blood development

A
  • Everything starts at they bone marrow
  • RBC, platelets, monocytes, granulocytes, B-cells, T-cells are then in the blood vessels
  • macrophages, granulocytes, B and T cells are in tissue
36
Q

Leukocyte morphology

A

Monocyte —> macrophage

Differentiated WBC in the tissue

37
Q

How is hematopoiesis regulated?

A

– Cytokines

38
Q

Cytokines

A

• are small proteins
• hormone-like in their mechanism of action
• also called hematopoietins
– act as growth factors
– e.g. erythropoietin: erythrocytes or RBCs
– thrombopoietin: thrombocytes or platelets

39
Q

thrombopoietin:

A

thrombocytes or platelets

40
Q

erythropoietin:

A

erythrocytes or RBCs

41
Q

RBC facts

A 
Facts
– Diameter: 7-8  µm
– Thickness: 2-3 µm
– Number: ~5 million /µl
– Lifespan: 120 days
– Function: O2 transport
– loses nucleus and other molecules organelles during development
– bag full of Hemoglobin
42
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) structure

A 
• = heme (non-protein) + globin (protein) 
• Hemoglobin A (HbA)  a2B2
– Globin (4)
– Heme (4)
– Ferrous iron (4)
43
Q

Hemoglobin and O2 transport

A
  • Hemoglobin (Hb)
  • responsible for ~98-99% of total oxygen transport

• binds to oxygen in loose
and reversible manner

• each ferrous (Fe++) iron
combines with one
molecule of O
process of oxygenation
(not oxidation)
44
Q

What makes CO inhalation fatal?

A

• Hb can bind to other gases
– Carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation can be fatal
– Colorless and odourless gas
– Hb has 200x more affinity for CO than to O

45
Q

Platelets or thrombocytes count

A

1.5 - 4 X 10^5

46
Q

Factors essential for RBC production

A
  • Cytokine: Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Dietary factors
  • Protein factor released from stomach
47
Q

Cytokine: Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

– Source of EPO
– Role of Testosterone
– Role of other hematopoietins

48
Q

Dietary factors

A

– Iron
– Folic acid
– Vitamin B12

49
Q

Protein factor released from stomach:

A

Intrinsic factor (IF)

50
Q

Factors that decrease oxygenation

A
  1. Low blood volume
  2. Anemia
  3. Low hemoglobin
  4. Poor blood flow
  5. Pulmonary disease
51
Q

Where do RBC go to die

A

Spleen and liver

52
Q

Body Iron reserve:

A

50% : Hb

25%: other iron containing proteins 25%: bound with Ferritin

53
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12

A
  • B12 found in (liver, fish, eggs, diary) consumed
  • binds to (IF) to form complex so that it isn’t broken down by stomach acid
  • B12 is then absorbed into the blood through the large intestine
54
Q

What does a lack of B12 cause

A

Pernicious anemia

55
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of RBCs and/or hemoglobin contained in the RBCs

56
Q

What causes anemia?

A
  1. Decreased production of RBC in the bone marrow
  2. Increased destruction of the RBCs in the body (hemolytic anemia)
  3. Increased blood loss leading to loss of RBCs (hemorrhagic anemia)
  4. Abnormal hemoglobin production
57
Q

Specific factors leading to anemia

A
  1. Lack of Iron (most common dietary cause)
  2. Lack of intrinsic factor or Vitamin B12
    (pernicious anemia)
  3. Damage of bone marrow due to radiation /drugs (aplastic anemia)
  4. Chronic kidney disease (reduced levels of
    erythropoietin, EPO)
  5. Increased breakdown due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion (hemolytic
    anemia)
  6. Increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcers or chronic menstruation (hemorrhagic anemia)
  7. Abnormal structure of hemoglobin
58
Q

aplastic anemia

A

Damage of bone marrow due to radiation /drugs

59
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

Increased breakdown due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion

60
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

Increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcers or chronic menstruation

61
Q

Abnormal Hb: Sickle cell disease
• Abnormal globin chain (sickle cell
HbS = a2b*2)

A

– Single amino acid mutation in the b chain
– Sickle -shaped RBCs are formed
– Cell membranes are hard and non-flexible
– Passage through capillaries cause
damage of sickled RBCs (hemolytic anemia)
– Expressed by autosomal recessive gene
carriers

Phsyiology 210 (18 decks)

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