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DMD 5247 > cardiovascular pathology > Flashcards

cardiovascular pathology Flashcards

1
Q

descriptions of chest pain

A

d

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2
Q

what is heart failure

A

when the heart can’t pump enough blood to fill the bodies needs

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3
Q

where does blood pool in right heart failure

A

the systemic circulation

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4
Q

what are the problems associated with right heart failure

A

hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
peripheral edema

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5
Q

where does blood pool in left heart failure

A

the lungs

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6
Q

what are the problems associated with left heart failure

A 
dyspnea
orthopnea
enlarged heart
increased heart rate
rales (bubbling breathing)
mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur
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7
Q

what are the common causes of right heart failure

A

left heart failure (most common)
cor pulmonale
conginital disease

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8
Q

what are the common cause of left heart failure

A

systemic hypertension
mitral or aortic valve disease
primary heart disease

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9
Q

what are the changes to the heart that occur in left heart failure

A

LV hypertrophy and dilation, LA may be enlarged

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10
Q

what are the changes to the heart that occur in right heart failure

A

RV hypertrophy and dilation, RA may be enlarged

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11
Q

what are the three left to right congenital heart diseases

A

atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

what are the two right to left congenital heart diseases

A

tetralogy of fallot

transposition of great arteries

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13
Q

what are the four problems in tetralogy of fallot

A

overriding aorta
VSD
pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy

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14
Q

what is the problem in transposition of great arteries

A

the aorta hooks the the Right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk hooks to the left ventricle. two separate and closed circulatory systems

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15
Q

what is aortic coarctation

A

narrowing of the aorta

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16
Q

what is ischemic heart disease

A

lack of blood flow/oxygen to the heart

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17
Q

what are the 4 syndromes of ischemic heart disease

A

angina pectoris
acute MI
chronic IHD
sudden cardiac death

18
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain

19
Q

what are the three types of angina pectoris

A

stable
prinzmetal (variant)
unstable (pre-infarction)

20
Q

what are the characteristics of stable angina pectoris

A

most common
pain on exertion
fixed narrowing CA

21
Q

what are the characteristics of prinzmetal (variant) angina pectoris

A

pain at rest

CA spasm

22
Q

what are the characteristics of unstable (preinfarction) angina pectoris

A

unpredictable pain

plaque distribution and thrombosis

23
Q

what is an acute MI

A

necrosis of myocardium from ischemia

24
Q

what are the clinical features of acute MI

A

severe, crushing chest pain
not relieved by nitroglycerin
sweating and nausea

25
Q

what are the two types of acute MI

A 
subendocardial infarction (inner wall death)
transmural infarction (more than half of the wall is dead)
26
Q

what is chronic IHD

A

accumulation of small ischemic events leads to mechanical failure

27
Q

what is sudden cardiac death

A

often a result of lethal arrthymia without myocyte necrosis

28
Q

what are the 5 types of heart valve disorders

A 
stenosis (failure to open)
insufficiency/regurgitation (failure to close)
rheumatic valvular disorder 
mitral valve prolapse syndrome
infective endocarditis
29
Q

what is rheumatic valvular disease

A

you get rheumatic fever from group a beta-hemolytic strep, the antibodies against it can later attack the heart valves and cause mitral stenosis

30
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse

A

when the mitral valve goes backwords into the left atrium

31
Q

what is infective endocarditis

A

when microbes invade the heart valves and endocarditis

32
Q

what are the three types of cardiomyopathies

A

dilated
hypertrophic
restrictive

33
Q

what is a dilated cardiomyopathy

A

when your heart chambers are dilated

34
Q

what is a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

when your heart walls are too thick that your ventricles wont fill all the way

35
Q

what is a restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

deposition of material into the heart wall causing it to be stiff so it cant fill (amyloidosis)

36
Q

what are the two disorders of the pericardium

A

acute pericarditis

pericardial effusion

37
Q

what does acute pericarditis cause

A

severe chest pain when breathing and lying down

it can lead to tamponade and chronic fibrosis

38
Q

what is tamponade

A

physical pressure of the pericarditis that compresses the heart

39
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

when fluid fills the pericardium (causes tamponade)

40
Q

how common are primary heart tumors

A

very uncommon (usually benign) (they usually metastisize from the lungs of lymphoma)

DMD 5247 (11 decks)

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