Cardiovascular Devices part I Flashcards
What are the three major components of blood vessels
Vein, artery and capillaries
Is vein or artery has rich-oxygenated blood
Artery
Is vein or artery has poor-oxygenated blood
Vein
What is atherosclerosis
Abnormal narrow of the artery
What happen during atherosclerosis
Build up plaque, fatty substances in the artery wall that narrow the artery and decrease blood flow.
What is aneurysm
Abnormal widen of the blood vessel (artery), especially in the abdominal aorta.
What happen during aneurysm
Thin artery wall, abnormal blood flow (multiple flows not one like normal)
Is aneurysm or atherosclerosis more common
Atherosclerosis
What is vascular graft (bypass)
It’s a surgical procedure that redirects blood flow around diseased blood vessels.
What are two types of vascular graft
Natural graft and synthetic graft
What is the gold standard graft
Natural graft
Advantages of natural graft
- No rejection from the host body
- No blood cells damaging
Disadvantages of natural graft
Limited availibility
Less durable than synthetic graft
What are some common natural graft
- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
- Lower leg vascular bypass
What are the most common materials for synthetic graft
- Textile material: Dacron (PETE)
- Nontextile material : PTFE
What type of synthetic material has smaller diameter
- PTFE
How is vascular graft implanted
It is sutured onto the native tissue (never stapled)
What is balloon angioplasty
Enlarges the lumen through permanent deformation of the plaque and healthy artery
What is the downside of ballon angioplasty
High risk of restenosis (re-narrowing)
What is a stent
A very tiny tubular scaffold that is expanded inside the blood vessels, which hold the lumen opens
List 2 types of cardiac stent
- Balloon expandable stent
- Self-expandable stent
Differences between surgical bypass and angioplasty/stenting
- Bypass is an open chest surgery and more invasive
- General anesthesia vs local
- Higher cost
- Longer surgery and recovery time
- Needs surgeons vs physicians
- Patient with severe symptoms vs mild symptoms
What’s the purpose of heart valves
- To ensure one-way blood flow
4 major heart valves
- Right side: pulmonary valve and Tricuspid valve
- Left side: Aortic valve and mitral valve
How does balloon expandable stent work
- The stent is mounted on the angioplastery balloon. Then through wire guidance, the dilator and the sheath are passed through the vessel to the damaged part. They are then secured using fluoroscopy. The balloon is then inflated to expand the stent. When the stent is secured in the right position, the balloon deflates and will be taken out of the body.
How does self expandable stent work
The stent is first compressed before putting into the body. Then attached with an inner tube, the stent will follow to move to the designated part. Under body temperature, the stent will then self expanded. After that, the tube is being removed out of the body.
