Cardiovascular Devices part I

Question 1

What are the three major components of blood vessels

Answer 1

Vein, artery and capillaries

Question 2

Is vein or artery has rich-oxygenated blood

Answer 2

Artery

Question 3

Is vein or artery has poor-oxygenated blood

Answer 3

Vein

Question 4

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 4

Abnormal narrow of the artery

Question 5

What happen during atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Build up plaque, fatty substances in the artery wall that narrow the artery and decrease blood flow.

Question 6

What is aneurysm

Answer 6

Abnormal widen of the blood vessel (artery), especially in the abdominal aorta.

Question 7

What happen during aneurysm

Answer 7

Thin artery wall, abnormal blood flow (multiple flows not one like normal)

Question 8

Is aneurysm or atherosclerosis more common

Answer 8

Atherosclerosis

Question 9

What is vascular graft (bypass)

Answer 9

It’s a surgical procedure that redirects blood flow around diseased blood vessels.

Question 10

What are two types of vascular graft

Answer 10

Natural graft and synthetic graft

Question 11

What is the gold standard graft

Answer 11

Natural graft

Question 12

Advantages of natural graft

Answer 12

• No rejection from the host body

- No blood cells damaging

Question 13

Disadvantages of natural graft

Answer 13

Limited availibility

Less durable than synthetic graft

Question 14

What are some common natural graft

Answer 14

• Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

- Lower leg vascular bypass

Question 15

What are the most common materials for synthetic graft

Answer 15

• Textile material: Dacron (PETE)

- Nontextile material : PTFE

Question 16

What type of synthetic material has smaller diameter

Answer 16

• PTFE

Question 17

How is vascular graft implanted

Answer 17

It is sutured onto the native tissue (never stapled)

Question 18

What is balloon angioplasty

Answer 18

Enlarges the lumen through permanent deformation of the plaque and healthy artery

Question 19

What is the downside of ballon angioplasty

Answer 19

High risk of restenosis (re-narrowing)

Question 20

What is a stent

Answer 20

A very tiny tubular scaffold that is expanded inside the blood vessels, which hold the lumen opens

Question 21

List 2 types of cardiac stent

Answer 21

• Balloon expandable stent

- Self-expandable stent

Question 22

Differences between surgical bypass and angioplasty/stenting

Answer 22

• Bypass is an open chest surgery and more invasive
• General anesthesia vs local
• Higher cost
• Longer surgery and recovery time
• Needs surgeons vs physicians
• Patient with severe symptoms vs mild symptoms

Question 23

What’s the purpose of heart valves

Answer 23

• To ensure one-way blood flow

Question 24

4 major heart valves

Answer 24

• Right side: pulmonary valve and Tricuspid valve

- Left side: Aortic valve and mitral valve

Question 25

How does balloon expandable stent work

Answer 25

• The stent is mounted on the angioplastery balloon. Then through wire guidance, the dilator and the sheath are passed through the vessel to the damaged part. They are then secured using fluoroscopy. The balloon is then inflated to expand the stent. When the stent is secured in the right position, the balloon deflates and will be taken out of the body.

Question 26

How does self expandable stent work

Answer 26

The stent is first compressed before putting into the body. Then attached with an inner tube, the stent will follow to move to the designated part. Under body temperature, the stent will then self expanded. After that, the tube is being removed out of the body.