cardiovascular and respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
function of circulatory system
A
transport materials around the body
2
Q
why is it called double circulatory
A
blood passes through the heart twice per circuit
3
Q
which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
A
left
4
Q
what happens in the lungs
A
gaseous exchange - carbon dioxide turns into oxygen, blood becomes oxygenated
5
Q
what is the circuit to the lungs called
A
pulmonary
6
Q
what is the circuit to the body tissues called
A
systemic circuit
7
Q
what is the order of the pulmonary circuit
A
D O blood travels from the right ventricle out via the pulmonary artery through the semi lunar valves, to the capillary network in the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs, then travels back through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
8
Q
what is the order of the systemic circuit
A
O blood travels from the left ventricle through the aorta and arteries to the body tissues where the capillaries oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the venules and veins back to the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium
9
Q
which side of the heart generates higher pressure, why
A
left. as it is travelling further to push blood further around the body
10
Q
what are the blood vessels
A
vein
arteries
capillaries
11
Q
what blood vessels have a smooth endothelium lining
A
ALL
12
Q
function of arteries
A
- carry blood away from the heart
- high pressure
13
Q
function of vein
A
- carry blood in the heart
- low pressure, no pulse
14
Q
function of capillaries
A
- form network in the body tissue
- link arterioles and venules
15
Q
arteries adaptions for its role
A
- thick muscle wall
- lost of elastin in walls
- small lumen
- high blood pressure
- have a pulse
16
Q
veins adaptions for its role
A
- thin muscular wall
- small amount of elastin in walls
- large lumen
- low blood pressure
- no pulse
- has valves
17
Q
capillaries adaptations for its role
A
- single layer of epithelial cells
- no elastin fibres or muscles
- very small lumen
- low pressure
- no pulse or valves
18
Q
which artery supplies blood to the heart muscles
A
coronary artery
19
Q
why does the heart muscles need excellent blood supply
A
needs to reach high metabolic rate, higher respiration rate
20
Q
what is plasma
A
90% water, contains nutrients from digested foods such as glucose and amino acids
21
Q
what does plasma transport
A
plasma proteins, inorganic salts, waste materials - urea, hormones, gases
22
Q
what are red blood cells called
A
erythrocytes
23
Q
adaptations for RBC for its role
A
no nucleus - carry even more oxygen
biconcave disc shape - large surface area
24
Q
what do the RBC do
A
transport oxygen around the body - aerobic respiration
25
how many RBC are in a drop of blood
5 million
26
why is there no nucleus in the rbc
makes more space for blood
27
why is the rbc having a biconcave disc shape usefull
increases the surface area to volume ratio: speeds up diffusion
28
what are the white blood cells called
leucocytes
29
what is the use of the leucocytes
defence and immunity. and also to detect abnormal materials and destroy it
30
what are platelets called
thrombocytes
31
what are thrombocytes
small fragments of cell in the plasmid
32
what do thrombocytes do
defends by promoting blood clotting
33
what is the purpose of a full blood count
determines the number of different blood cell types to identify whether deficient in any
34
what does the CRP test stand for
C-reactive protein
35
what is the purpose of the CRP test
detects its levels in the blood
36
what is the normal number of rbc
4 - 6 million per mm2
37
what happens if the rbc count is too high
abnormality in the bone marrow
38
what happens if the rbc count is too low
andemia
39
what is the normal number of white blood cells
4.5k - 10k per mm2
40
what happens if the white blood cell count is too high
leukaemia or an infectious disease
41
what happens if the white blood cell count is too low
plastic anaemia (low number of all blood cells)
42
what is the normal number of platelets
150k - 350k per mm2
43
what happens if the platelets count is too high
can lead to spontaneous blood clots
44
what happens if the platelets count is too low
lack of blood clots
45
what is the normal number of CRP
<5mg/L
46
what happens if the count of CRP is too high
sign of inflammation in the body
47
what happens if the count of CRP is too low
NOTHING
48
which blood type is the universal donor
O-
49
what blood type is the universal recipient
AB
50
in which stage of the cycle are the atria contacting
atrial systole
51
in which stage of the cycle are the ventricles contracting
ventricle systole
52
in which stage of the cycle does the heart relax
diastole
53
what does it mean if the heart is myogenic
the heart does not rely on ATP/nerve systems to contract
54
where is the sinoatrial node found in the heart
wall of the right atrium
55
where are the baroreceptors found
carotid arteries
56
what do the baroreceptors detect
blood pressure
57
where are the chemoreceptors found
aorta
58
what do the chemoreceptors detect
CO2 changes
59
what does the depolarisation that is generated by the SA node do
causes the muscles in the walls of the atria to contract
60
after the muscles contract by the SA node where is the blood pushed through
the atrioventricular valves inti the ventricles - known as atrial systole
61
when the wave of .... reaches the ....... node (AV node), there is a short delay to allow the .... to fully empty of ....
excitement, atrioventricular, atria, blood
62
where does the atrioventricular node send the wave of excitement
down the bundle of His
63
where is the bundle of His
septum of the heart - middle
64
where does the wave of excitement go after the bundle of His
branches off and spreads the depolarisation up the walls of the two ventricles via the purkinje fibres
65
this allows the .... to contract from the base upwards, pushing blood .. and out of the heart via the ... artery and aorta. this process is called ..... systole.
ventricles, up, pulomonary, ventricular
66
what order of these is the order of heartbeat: bundle of his, artial systole, sinoatrial node, ventricular systole, purkinje fibres, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular valve, semilunar valve
sinoatrial node, atrial systole, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular valve, bundle of his, purkinje fibres, ventricular systole, semilunar valves
67
what is the effect of sympathetic have on the heart rate
speeds up
68
what effect of parasympathetic have on heart rate
slows down
69
what effect does adrenaline have on the heart rate
speeds up
70
what are the 8 main factors effecting heart rate
biological sex, age, exercise, hormones, activity/exercise, baroreceptor reflex, temperature, emotional rate
71
what 4 factors effect blood pressure
biological sex, health, time of the day, body position
72
what is the normal value of heart rate
60 - 80 bpm
73
what apparatus is used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
74
what are the two readings for blood pressure
systolic pressure, diastolic pressure
75
what is the technical term for high blood pressure
hypertension
76
what is the technical term for low blood pressure
hypotension
77
what are the causes of hypertension
cardiovascular problems, renal/kidney problems
78
symptoms of hypertension
headaches, strokes, heart attacks
79
risk factors of hypertension
stress, smoking, obesity, high salt intake, family history, lack of exercise
80
causes of hypotension
blood loss, being young
81
symptoms of hypotension
dizziness, fainting
82
risk factors of hypotension
heart problems, hormone issues, anaemia, infection, dehydration
83
what does ECG measure
the electrical activity of the heart
84
what do the ECG letters mean - P, QRS, T
P - atrial systole
QRS - ventricular systole
T - diastole
85
what is the technical name for a heart attack
myocardial infarction `
86
what can poor tissue perfusion be an indicator for
issues with the circulatory system
87
what is the capillary refill test
squash nail bed firmly until it turns white, then release till nail bed turns pink again
88
how long does the normal capillary refill take
2 seconds to refill
89
what doe poor results of the capillary refill test suggest
poor tissue perfection or dehydration
90
what could be preventing blood flow around part of a limb
blood clot
91
what is coronary heart disease also known as
ischemic heart disease
92
how is CHD caused
the narrowing of the arteries that provide blood to the heart muscles
93
what is atherosclerosis
formation of fatty material in the artery, can cause a partial or complete blockage
94
causes of CHD
high levels of saturated fats + cholesterol in the diet. smoking
95
symptoms of CHD
hypertension, angina, increased risk of blood clot, heart attack
96
causes of stroke
persistent hypertension, in the brain blood vessels can burst, blood is no longer contained within the artery
97
symptoms of a stroke
lack of nerve functioning: nerve paralysis - facial nerves, affecting one side of the body, vision problems, loos of consciousness
98
risk factors of strokes
ages, diabetes, family history, hypertension, high cholesterol, ethnicity, females during pregnancy, taking oestrogen replacements for hormonal/contraceptive reasons
99
what is the role of rings of cartilage in the respiratory system
support the trachea, makes sure the trachea stays open when breathing
100
why is it helpful that alveoli is highly folded
to increase surface area
101
why is it helpful that the alveoli walls are 1 cell thick and the cells are flattened
short diffusion distance
102
why is useful that the alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries that continuously bring blood to the lungs and carry it away
more area over which to diffuse
103
blood is continuously brought to the gas exchange surface via the ... ..., and oxygenated blood is taken away via the ... ...
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
104
... ... diffuses from the blood, across the smooth ... wall of the ..., across the squamous ... of the ... into the alveolar air space
carbon dioxide
endothelium
capillary
endothelium
alveolus
105
... diffuses from the alveolar air space, across the squamous ... of the alveolus, across the smooth ... of the capillary and into the ... ... cells
oxygen
epithelium
endothelium
red blood
106
what happens during inspration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
ribcage moves
lung volume
pressure in lungs
air moves
d - contracts and flattens
eim - contract
rc - outwards
lv - increases
pil - decreases
air in
107
what happens during expiration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
ribcage moves
lung volume
pressure in lungs
air moves
d - relaxes/domes
eim - relax
rc - inwards
lv - decreases
pil - increases
air out
108
which process of breathing requires more energy
inhalation as you have to contract the muscles
109
the lungs are naturally fairly elastic, why would this help exhalation to happen quickly
so they can change volume quickly
110
what is the order of air passes through from the outside
mouth, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries
111
what does COPD mean
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
112
what happens in a persons body if they have COPD
difficult to exhale as their airways have become narrowed
113
symptoms of COPD
less oxygen in blood, increased breathing rate, dizziness/lethargy, chest infection
114
risk factors of COPD
air pollution, working with chemicals dust or fumes, genetics, smoking
115
what is tissue fluid
substance that bathes all the cells of the body
116
when is tissue fluid formed
when blood enters the capillary network at the tissues
117
what problems will someone have if their tissue fluid is not draining correctly
potential bursting die to swelling
118
what two types of structures make up the lymphatic system
lymphonodes and lympthatic vessels
119
what is the main role of the lympathic system
removal of excess tissue fluid + drainage of this fluid back into the blood circulation near the right atrium
120
describe the journey of the lymph from body tissues to the heart
lymphatic capillaries drain fluid away from the tissues, once inside stored as lymph, it drains into larger lympathic vessels (have valves due to low pressure), lymp drains into lymph nodes
121
where are lymph nodes found
throughout the lymphatic system
122
what is the function of the lymph nodes
filter the lymph
123
what is the relationship between the lymph nodes and our immune system
many white blood cells called lymphocytes and the phagocytes macrophages immune response is activated
124
why can out lymph nodes swell when we are unwell
is the number of lymphocytes and macrophages increase rapidly
