Cardiovascular Flashcards
80yo male with past history of heart disease (AMI, aortic stenosis) presents with leg oedema, increased SOB on exertion and orthopnoea
Congestive cardiac failure
Causes: ischaemia, valvular disease, hypertension, congenital, cardiomyopathy, right heart disease
60yo male with CVD risk factors has chest discomfort and SOB brought on after 10-15 minutes of exertion that is relieved with rest. Occurs frequently, same every time
Stable angina
60yo male with CVD risk factors that has worsening chest discomfort and SOB brought on with exertion. Less exertion required over time to bring on pain. Relieved with rest
Unstable angina
60yo male with CVD risk factors presents with 10/10 chest pain radiating to the shoulder and jaw. Associated nausea, sweating and SOB

AMI
Apex beat felt in the anterior axillary line, what has happened to the LV?

Left ventricular hypertrophy
80yo male presents with a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur in the aortic region
Aortic stenosis
Causes: degenerative calcific valve, congenital bicuspid valve, congenital AS, rheumatic fever
75yo male with long-standing HTN presents with an early diastolic decrescendo murmur in the aortic region and a widened PP
Aortic regurgitation
Causes:
- Acute: infective endocarditis, Marfan’s syndrome, dissecting aneurysm of aortic root
- Chronic: rheumatic, congenital, long-standing HTN, aortic root dilation (eg/ Marfan’s)
50yo female with past history of rheumatic fever presents with a mid-late diastolic murmur over the apex associated with increasing orthopnoea and leg oedema
Mitral stenosis
Causes: rheumatic fever, congenital parachute valve
A patient with a history of heart disease presents with a pan-systolic murmur in the apex region and tachypnoea
Mitral regurgitation
Causes:
- Acute: MI, infective endocarditis, trauma/surgery, spontaneous rupture of myxomatous cord
- Chronic: mitral valve prolapse, degenerative, rheumatic fever, papillary muscle dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, connective tissue disease, congenital
77yo male with left heart failure presents with a new onset pansystolic murmur in the left lower sternal edge. Associated with this is a pulsatile liver and raised JVP
Tricuspid regurgitation
Causes: RVF, rheumatic, IE, valve prolapse, papillary muscle infarction, trauma, congenital
11yo female from a developed country presents with a fever, arthralgia affecting large joints and a rash following a sore throat. On examination a murmur is heard
Acute rheumatic fever
40yo male presents with increasing dyspnoea and episodes of syncope. On examination, the LV is enlarged, he has a murmur consistent with mitral regurgitation and an audible S4

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
35yo presents with signs of left ventricular failure as well as mitral and tricuspid regurgitation

Dilated cardiomyopathy
66yo presents with intermittent palpitations, these are described as fast and irregular. On ECG, no p waves are seen

AF
Patient presents with occasional palpitations. These are sudden onset, occur at rest, regular and fast. Palpitations either resolve suddenly or by vasovagal maneouvres

SVT
55yo male with a family history of sudden cardiac death presents acutely unwell with hypertension, tachycardia and chest discomfort. ECG shows wide complex tachycardia

VT
ECG shows fixed prolongation of PR interval (>0.2s) with no failure of AV conduction

1st degree conduction block
ECG shows progressive prolongation of PR interval with eventual loss of AV conduction for 1 beat

Second degree (I) conduction block
ECG shows fixed, unchanging PR intervals with occasional loss of AV conduction for 1 beat

Second degree (II) conduction block
ECG shows complete, persistent loss of conduction from the atria to the ventricles

Third degree conduction block
33yo male presents with vague symptoms including chest pain, fatigue and dyspnoea following a viral infection 3 weeks previously

Viral myocarditis
Other causes: other infection, sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, acute rheumatic fever, toxic (diphtheria), drugs, transplant rejection
An obese 45yo lady presents to the doctor for a check up, she is well and routine bloods are ordered. What are they likely to show?
Dyslipidaemia
Middle-aged male presents with hypotension, distant heart sounds and an elevated JVP
Pericardial tamponade

25yo male presents with sharp chest pain that is relieved by sitting forward. ECG shows generalised ST depression

Acute pericarditis
Causes: viral infection, idiopathic, post-MI, after pericardiotomy, uraemia, neoplasia, connective tissue disease, hypothyroidism, other infection, acute rheumatic fever



