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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

The two synonyms for sinoatrial node

A

SA Node and Pacemaker

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2
Q

Chronotropic

A

Relating to the rate of contraction or beats per min.

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3
Q

Dromotropic

A

Relating to the rate of conduction of nerve impulses within the heart

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4
Q

Inotropic

A

Relating to the force of contraction/ how strong the muscle moves

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5
Q

Heart failure

A

pathologic state where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet demand of the body

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6
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction compared to the total amound of blood in the ventricle.

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7
Q

Pulmonary Congestion

A

Blood heading to the lungs is backed up in the pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

Systemic Venous Congestion

A

Increase in blood waiting to enter the right atrium and right ventricle caused by decreased right ventricle ejection fraction.

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9
Q

Cause of pulmonary congestion and systemic venous congestion

A

Each one is caused by decreased left or right ventricle ejection fraction

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10
Q

Positive Inotropic Drugs

A

drugs that improve the contraction of the ventricles

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11
Q

Inodilator

A

drugs that have a positive Inotropic response and cause vasodilation

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12
Q

The drug that is an anitdote for digoxin toxicity

A

Digoxin Immune Fab (Digibind)

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13
Q

Angina

A

Chest Pain due to the lack of oxygen in the heart muscle

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14
Q

Ischemia

A

Poor blood supply to an organ

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15
Q

Ischemia Heart Disease

A

poor blood suppy to the heart (#1 killer in the USA)

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A type of arteriosclerosis caused by plaque build-up on the inner layer of arterties

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17
Q

Three classification of anti-angianl medication

A

1) Nitrates
2) Beta Blockers
3) Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

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18
Q

How organic nitrates relieve Angina

A

decrease muscle tone so it relieves dilation of the muscles

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19
Q

Why Nitroglycerine is not taken orally

A

Because of the large first -pass effect

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20
Q

The special precaution when handling nitroglycerine

A

DO NOT Touch the medication

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21
Q

Four of the five routes/forms that nitroglycerine can be delivered

A

1) Sublingual Tablet-under the tongue
2) Sublingual Spray
3) Topical
4) IV
5) Transdermal Patch

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22
Q

The instructions on using nirtoglycerine as a sublingual tablet, Topical ointment, or Transdermal Patch

A

Tablet- is under the tongue
Ointment- is measured out amount, apply in non-hairy area, and above the diaphragm
Patch- 24hr period, remove at night, and apply above the diaphragm

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23
Q

How Beta Blockers relieve Angina

A

Relaxes the muscle so it won’t beat so much that it slows down the heart so beat so strong. With this won’t build up lactic acid

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24
Q

Sodium Pump

A

the membranes proteins which separate the charges by pumping Na+ and Ca+ outside the cell and K+ inside the cell

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25
Q

Action Potential

A

Time between the initial impulse and repolarization

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26
Q

Fast Channel

A

Na+ Channels proteins which allows Na+ to move into the cell

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27
Q

Slow Channel

A

Ca+ Channels- proteins which allows Ca+ to move into the cell

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28
Q

the synonym for Sodium Pump

A

Na-K Atpase Pump

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29
Q

synonym for Action Potential

A

APD

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30
Q

synonym for Fast Channel

A

Na channels

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31
Q

synonym for slow channel

A

Ca channels

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32
Q

which ions go into the cell and which ion leaves the cell upon the start of an impulse

A

Movement of Na+ and Ca+ inside the cell and the K+ to the outside of the cell

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33
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

abnormal cardiac rhythms resulting from (MI) Heart Attack- Myocardial Infraction

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34
Q

Vaughn-Williams Classification

A

A method of classifying dysrhythmia based on primary mechanisms of the drug

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35
Q

Cinchonism

A

toxic levels of Quinidna can be caused by drinking grapefruit juice

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36
Q

The four major classifciations of medications used to treat anti-dysrythmia.

A

1) Sodium Channel Blockers (Fast Channel Blockers)
2) Beta Blockers
3) Drugs that Prolong Repolariztion(Postassium Channel Blockers)
4) Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)

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37
Q

The effect of beta blockers on the heart rate and the force contraction of the heart

A

The heart rate is decreased (chronotropic)
Decreases of the heart beat which is the Inotropic, which decreased the workload of the heart, and thereby prevents sudden death after MI

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38
Q

Cardioselective beta blockers or non-selective beta blockers can be given to those with respiratory problems

A

Yes, because it does not affect the respiratory system

Appropriate for those with a history of repiratory problems

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39
Q

Synoym for diuretic

A

Water Pill

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40
Q

Afferent Arterioles

A

Take blood to the glomerulus

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41
Q

Efferent Arterioles

A

Take blood away from the glomerulus

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42
Q

Glomerulus

A

Performs Initial filtering

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43
Q

Nephron

A

Main structrual Unit

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44
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Rate at which fluid leaves the glomerulus

40 gallons a day but gets reabsorbed

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45
Q

Where Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone come from

A

Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal Cortex

Antidiuretic Hormone is produced in the pituitary gland

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46
Q

Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the most water

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

47
Q

The function of antidiurectic Hormone and Aldosterone

A

Aldosterone increase absorption of Na+ Ions
Antidiurectic Hormone increase absorption of water
Water follows Na+, so water is also absorbed

48
Q

A list of six types of diuretics

A

1) Loop Diuretics (High Ceiling)
2) Osmotic Diurectics
3) Thiazides
4) Potassium Sparring Diutectics
5) Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitor
6) Most Common Diurectics

49
Q

Classify Furosemide(Lasix) as one of the six types of diurectics

A

Loop Diurectics (High Ceiling Diurectics)

50
Q

Where in the loop diurectic acts

A

In the Loop of Henle

51
Q

How does potassium sparing diuretics work

A

Keeps potassium in the kidney

52
Q

Which diuretic could cause hyperkalemia

A

Loop diuretics and thiazides

53
Q

Which diuretic treats alkalosis

A

Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitors

54
Q

Which diuretic treats cerebral edema from head trauma

A

Osmotic Diuretics

55
Q

What time of day diuretics should be taken

A

In the morning

56
Q

How long a patient will take diuretics once they have been prescribed

A

For Therapy is for lifelong

For now is just to flush out edema

57
Q

Hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure

58
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood output from the left ventricle

59
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

Force the left ventricle has to overcome to pump its blood

60
Q

Renin

A

In the kidneys

61
Q

Angiotensin

A

In the lungs where it turns into Aniotension II to constrict arterioles

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Cause the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ or prevent the release of Na+ and water in blood

63
Q

List of the six antihypertensive medications

A

1) Diurectics
2) Adrenergic Drugs
3) Vasodilators
4) Argiotensin Converting Enzyme
5) Angiotension II
6) Calcium Channel Blockers

64
Q

Special precautions have to be taken when adminstering prazonin as a patients’s first dose.

A

The patient should lay down and stay there with there first dose. It causes severe Orthostatic Hypotension

65
Q

Translate ACE Inhibitor

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

66
Q

The ending of the generic drug names for the Beta Blockers, Ace Inhibitors and the Angiotension II Receptor Blockers.

A

“PRILS”

67
Q

What chemical ACE Inhibitors directly prevent

A

Inhibits the Angiotension Converting Enzyme

68
Q

Edema

A

Water Gain, extra fluid around the cells, over hydration

69
Q

Dehydration

A

Water loss, water deficit

70
Q

Colloid oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by a colloid in solution

71
Q

Crystalloids

A

Substances in a solution that can pass through a semipermeable membrane

72
Q

Colloids

A

substances in a solution that cannot pass through a semipermeable membrane, yet do not settle out

73
Q

List of the three types of medications used to treat fluid disorders.

A

1) Crystalloids
2) Colloids
3) Blood and Blood products

74
Q

State the percentage of normal saline and what is half

A

0.9% the half is 0.45%

75
Q

State the meaning of the letters D&W in D5W

A

Sugar 5% dextrose in water

76
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

due to hyperaldosteron, potassium sparing diurectics. High levels of potassium in the blood

77
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low potassium levels in the blood

78
Q

Hyponatremia

A

due to excessive low sodium levels in the blood

79
Q

Hypernatremia

A

high sodium levels in the blood

80
Q

When an IV bolus or undiluted potassium solution should be given to a patient

A

NEVER, give as an IV Bolus or undiluted or IV push

81
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot

82
Q

Embolus

A

moving blood clots

83
Q

Anti-Coagulants

A

Drugs that inhibit the action or formation of clotting factors

84
Q

What is the test used to determine clotting time for heparin

A

aPTT or APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)

85
Q

The antidote for heparin

A

Protamine Sulfate

86
Q

An example of the low molecular weight heparins

A

Enoxaparin(Lovenox)

Deltaparin(Fragmin)

87
Q

The advantage of enoxaparin (Lovenox) over heparin

A

It is predictable and don’t have to have testing done, more expensive

88
Q

The tests that are used to determine clotting time for warfin(Coumadin)

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

more common, accounts for differences in chemicals

89
Q

What patients on anti-coagulants have to prevent and watch for.

A

Signs for bleeding

90
Q

Which analgisics can be taken for minor pain and which ones cannot

A

AVOID Ibuprofen or Aspirin

Tylenol can be taken

91
Q

Why a patient would be taking baby aspirin prophylactically.

A

For those that had a thrombus or embolus or at a risk of having one

92
Q

Which specific medication is recommended for those who need a platelet, yet cannot take aspirin

A

Cyclooxyagenase Inhibitior

93
Q

The synonym for Thrombolytics

A

CLOT BUSTERS

94
Q

Thrombolytic

A

the only medication that dissolves clots

95
Q

Anti-Fibrinolytic

A

Something that is the opposite of a fiber breaker, drugs that promote clot formation

96
Q

Recognize the risk of using a thrombolytic

A

risk or bleeding also decreasing blood pressure

97
Q

Recognize when a anti-fibrionolytic would be used

A

Used to control excessive bleeding

98
Q

Lipids

A

Non-water soluble compounds in the body

99
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats and oils- lipids made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

100
Q

cholesterol

A

a lipid made of a 4 ring framework and is used to produce steroid hormones and bile salts

101
Q

Lipoproteins

A

protein and lipid compound

102
Q

Anti-Lipidemic Drugs

A

medications used to control triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the blood

103
Q

Phenotyping

A

determines drug of choice by analyzing the blood lipid levels

104
Q

Where in the cell cholesterol is found

A

In the cell membrane

105
Q

What compounds the body can make from cholesterol

A

chol=bile + steroids= solid + -ol = alcohol

106
Q

The two sources of cholesterol

A

LDL and HDL
Low Density Lipiproteins(bad one)
High Density Lipiproteins (Good ones)

107
Q

How cholesterol is removed from the body

A

Excreted by the liver in the form of bile salts

108
Q

the primary treatment and the adjuunct treatment of high cholesterol

A

Primary treatments is diet and exercise

Adjunct treatment is medication

109
Q

The most serious side effect of anti-lipemic drugs

A

Liver damage

110
Q

A list of the six anti-lipemics

A

1) Bile Acid Sequestrates (Binding Drugs)
2) Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates)
3) Niacin
4) Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
5) HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Stating)
6) Garlic

111
Q

The synonym for HMB-CoA Reducatse Inhibitors

A

Statins

112
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

caused by chemicals or physical trauma or excessive exercise

113
Q

What food or beverage interacts with statins

A

Grapefruit juice interacts with statins

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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