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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mediastinum and pericardium?

A

Where the heart is located and what surrounds the heart

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2
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

It is the outermost layer of the wall that contains blood vessels that nourish the heart

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3
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

A layer if cardiac muscle which provides force for contraction of the heart

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4
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner layer of the heart which lines the 4 chambers of the heart

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5
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

2 atria receive blood from veins
2 ventricles pump blood to arteries
The arterial septum divides
The inter ventricular septum

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6
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

They allow blood flow in one direction through the heart
The 2 are the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

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7
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

They allow flow from the atria to the ventricles and prevent back flow
The tricuspid valve
The bicuspid valve
The chordae tendinae

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8
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

They are at the base of blood vessels and attached to ventricles
The pulmonary semilunar valve
The aortic semilunar valve

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9
Q

What is the order of blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. From the inferior and superior vena cava to the right atrium
  2. Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
  3. Forced through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk
  4. From the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries
  5. Travels to the lungs (CO2 gone, O2 in)
  6. Returns from the lung to the heart through 4 pulmonary veins to the left atrium
  7. Through the tricuspid valve to the left ventricle
  8. Through the aortic valve to the aorta
  9. From the aorta to the rest of the body
  10. Return to the heart and repeat at step 1
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10
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The right side of the heart

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11
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

The left side of the heart

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12
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

Cardiac muscle is auto rhythmic
1. Electrical impulses start at the sinoarterial (SA) node
2. To the right atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node
3. To the AV bundle
4. bundle branches
5. Purjunke fibres

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13
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart
1. Arterial systole (SA node fires, arterial contract together, volume decrease, pressure increase)
2. Atrial diastole (arterial repolarize together, atria relax, pressure higher in sup and inf venae cavae and pulmonary veins than atria)
3. Ventricular systole (impulse through AV node to Purjunke fibre, ventricular depolarize)
4. Ventricular diastole ( ventricle repolarize and relax)

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14
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

A diagnostic test to record the hearts electrical activity during a cardiac cycle
Has P,Q,R,S,T waves

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15
Q

What he’s the cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle of the heart each minute depends on the heart rate (HR), BPM, and stroke volume (SV)
CO=HRXSV

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16
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

The difference between the resting cardiac output and the maximum cardiac output

17
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

It’s measured by feeling the pulse (64-80BPM)

18
Q

How is heart regulation done?

A

By autonomic nervous system and chronotropic factors

19
Q

What are the chronotropic factors of the ANS?

A

The medulla oblongata
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

20
Q

What are arteries?

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the capillaries

21
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Vessels that allow for exchange if materials between blood and tissue

22
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that deliver blood from capillaries back to the heart

23
Q

What is the structure of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica externa (provide support/elasticity)
Tunica media (causes changes in blood vessel diameter)
Tunica interna

24
Q

What are conducting arteries?

A

The largest artery
Withstand high pressure generated by ventricular systole
Pulmonary arteries, aorta, common corated artery

25
Q

What are distributor arteries?

A

They are medium sized
Distribute blood from conducting arteries to organs

26
Q

What are resistance arteries?

A

The smallest arteries
Each can feed up to about 100 capillaries

27
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The site of exchange if materials between blood and tissue
Most in numbers and the smallest vessels
RBC pass through one at a time

28
Q

What are veins?

A

They return blood back to the heart
Blood flows from capillaries into venules
Have valves to prevent backflow

29
Q

What is the coronary route?

A

A type of circulatory route that supplies blood to the heart

30
Q

What is the systemic route?

A

A type of circulatory route that includes one capillary bed
1. Heart
2. Arteries
3. Capillaries
4. Veins
5. Heart

31
Q

What are alternative routes?

A

They vary in number of capillary beds or involved merging of vessels
Portal route: heart>arteries>capillaries>intervening vessels>capillaries>veins> heart
Hepatic portal route

32
Q

What is venous return?

A

When the blood returns to the heart by 5 mechanisms
1. Pressure gradient
2. Gravity
3. Thoracic pump
4. Cardiac pump
5. Skeletal pump (limbs)

33
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The amount of blood flowing to an area in a given amount of time

34
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force if blood against vessel walls

35
Q

What are the factors in resistance?

A

Blood viscosity (thicker=more friction)
Vessel length (more long=more contact)
Vessel radius (smaller radius=more contact)

36
Q

What are blood pressure and flow regulations?

A
  1. Local control
  2. Hormonal control
  3. Natural control
37
Q

What is local control (blood pressure/flow regulation)?

A

Anatomy (9 decks)

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