Blood

Question 1

What is blood?

Answer 1

Connective tissue of formed elements in a matrix of plasma

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

91% water 7% protein 2% ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances
Is a solution, concentration is important for homeostasis

Question 3

What is albumin

Answer 3

A plasma protein, helps transport proteins

Question 4

What is globulin?

Answer 4

A plasma protein, antibodies and transport proteins

Question 5

What is fibrinogen and clotting factors?

Answer 5

A plasma protein, is the protein portion of a clot

Question 6

What is serum?

Answer 6

A plasma with fibrinogen, the clotting factors are removed

Question 7

What are some formed elements in blood?

Answer 7

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 8

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 8

Red blood cells
Biconcave disks with no nucleus
Contain hemoglobin (has Fe to carry O2)
Carry CO2 and H ions
Normally don’t leave vessels unless it’s broken

Question 9

What are the different types of leukocytes?

Answer 9

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

Question 10

What are the 3 different types of granulocytes?

Answer 10

Neutrophils
Basofils
Eosinophils

Question 11

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Answer 11

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Question 12

What are neutrophils?

Answer 12

Type of granulocyte (WBC)
Makes up 60-70% of them
Have a nucleus with 2-5 lobes
First WBC to respond to tissue damage
Increase with infection

Question 13

What are basofils

Answer 13

Type of granulocyte (WBC)
Make up about 0.5-1% of WBC
Have U shaped nucleus
Release histamine to dilate blood vessels to increase flow
Release heparin to stop clot formation

Question 14

What are eosinophils?

Answer 14

Type of granulocyte (WBC)
Bilobed nucleus
Neutralize histamine during allergic reactions
Destroy parasitic worms
They increase during allergic reactions and worm infections

Question 15

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 15

Type of agranulocyte (WBC)
About 20-25%
The smallest, has spherical nucleus
T lymphocytes attack/destroy pathogens
B lymphocytes produce antibodies that attack bacteria

Question 16

What are monocytes?

Answer 16

Type of agranulocyte (WBC)
Make up about 3-8%
Largest, U/kidney shaped nucleus
Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris
Once in tissue they are macrophages
The number increases with chronic infection and inflammation

Question 17

What are platelets?

Answer 17

Type of thrombocyte
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that develop from Hemi tribals to
About 150000-400000 per mm3 of blood

Question 18

What do platelets do?

Answer 18

1. Secrete vasoconstrictors
2. Secrete clotting factors
3. Form playlet plugs
4. Secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to cite of inflammation
5. Destroy bacteria
6. Secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis to repair vessel walls

Question 19

What is homepoiesis?

Answer 19

Blood production
Has 3 parts
1. Thrombopoiesis
2. Leukopoiesis
3. Erythropoeisis

Question 20

What is thrombopoiesis?

Answer 20

The production of platelets from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
The liver and kidneys start the process by producing thrombopoietin when needed

Question 21

What is leukopoiesis?

Answer 21

The production of WBC from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes and macrophages produce colony-stimulating factors when challenge to immune system
Different CSF for different types

Question 22

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 22

The formation of RBC from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
The liver and kidneys start the process by the release of erythropoietin (EPO) in situations of hypoxemia

Question 23

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 23

It forms 33% of RBC volume
Has a red pigment
Hema: Fe containing pigment
Globin: protein
Binds O2
Carrie’s H+ acting as a buffer

Question 24

What are nutritional requirements for erythropoeisis?

Answer 24

Iron
Folic acid, vitamin B
Copper, vitamin C

Question 25

What is the life cycle of RBC?

Answer 25

1. RBC produced in red bone marrow
2. RBC carry O2 and CO2 through the bloodstream for 110-120 days before wearing out
3. Liver and spleen remove old RBC
4. Hemoglobin is broken into heme and globin

Question 26

What is hemostasis and it’s process?

Answer 26

The stopping of bleeding
1. Vascular spasm to slow blood flow
2. Platelet plug formation (platelets stick to collagen fibres)
3. Coagulation/blood clotting

Question 27

What is the elimination of a clot?

Answer 27

When a vessel is repaired inactive enzymes (plasminogen) converts to plasmin
Plasmin dissolves blood clots

Question 28

What is platelet repulsion?

Answer 28

A way to prevent inappropriate clotting
Smooth vessel linings and chemicals prevent platelets from sticking to walls

Question 29

What is dilution of thrombin?

Answer 29

A way to prevent inappropriate clotting
Thrombin is constantly moving

Question 30

What are anticoagulants?

Answer 30

A way to prevent inappropriate clotting
Antithrombin and heparin

Question 31

What is blood typing?

Answer 31

It’s based on the presence of ABO and Rh antigens on the surface of cells
Different types have different antigens (A, B, AB, O)

Question 32

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 32

1. To transport nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory chemicals and heat
2. Protection from blood loss through hemostasis, leukocytes protect from foreign attacks
3. Regulation of fluid/electrolyte balance and acid/base balance