Cardiopulmonary Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the systems

A

Perfusion of body cells
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Hormones
- Carries waste away from cells

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2
Q

Types of circulation

A

Pulmonary Circulation
- Blood to supply the heart
- Loops the lungs and heart together
- Blood leaves the right ventricle (right side of the heart) and goes to the lungs back to the L atrium

Systemic Circulation
- Blood to all body parts
- Blood leaves the left ventricle (left side of the heart) and goes to the body structures except the lungs and back to the right atrium

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3
Q

Vital signs

A

Pulse or Heart Rate (HR)
- Adults 60-100bpm
* Arrhythmia-abnormal heart beat
> Greater than 100=Tachycardia
> Below 60 Bradycardia
> Afib-out of rhythm
- Increases with activity
- Slower in fit people, faster in kids

Blood Pressure (BP)-average 120/80
- Blood pressure cuff: sphygmomanometer
- Systolic - top number (most indicative of heart disease)
- Diastolic - bottom number
- Hypertension (emergent 180/120)

Respiration Rate (RR)
- 12-20 inhalations per min

O2 Saturation (o2 sat)
- Pulse oximeter (96-100%)
- Hypoxemia

Temperature
- Axillary, oral or rectal
- 97-99º (98.6º)

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4
Q

Hypertension

A

Primary
- No specific cause; gradual onset
- Often lifestyle: weight, diet, activity

Secondary
- Due to a disease or disorder: kidney failure
- Other medication
- Pregnancy
- Often asymptomatic

Can cause stroke or myocardial infarction

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5
Q

Blood pressure norms

A
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6
Q

Management of hypertension

A

Fix the cause
- Lifestyle
- Diet
- Smoking
- Activity
- Alcohol

Medications
- Diuretics (end in “ide”): Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide
- ACE inhibitors (end in “pril”): Lisinopril, Enalapril

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7
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Arteries to the heart become damaged
- Usually due to atherosclerosis
- Often confused with arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
One of the most common cardiac disorders in the world

Etiology:
- Inflammatory disease
- Linked to genetics
- Lifestyle
- Age
- High blood pressure
- Stress

Angina
- Stable: trigger, few minutes, stop with rest, not emergent
- Unstable: may or may not have a trigger, continue with rest
- Nitroglycerin stops it

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Diagnosed:
- Echocardiogram
- Stress test
- Angiogram
- Heart catheterization

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8
Q

Difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis
- Plaque buildup on the wall that can result in them breaking off and lodging into the coronary artery resulting in angina leading to myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome

Arteriosclerosis
- Wall causes the inability of the vessels to dilate or react to increase oxygen demand resulting in angina leading to myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome

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9
Q

Intervention for CAD

A

Control factors
- Blood pressure
- Diabetes
Cholesterol - modifying medications
- “Statins”- Lipitor
* Side effects: Dizziness, digestive issues
Blood thinners (bleed easier for longer)
- Lasixs
Angioplasty
- Open the artery-balloon (pushes plaque against the wall)
- Stent (stops plaque from forming)
Coronary artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
- Saphenous vein in leg
- Sternal Precautions (6-8wks)
* No pushing, pulling or lifting over 5#
* Cough pillow to decrease pain when coughing

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10
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Progressive Condition
- Hearts ability to pump blood effectively to tissues, due to ventricle function decreases

Etiology
- Infections
- Diabetes
- Thyroid
- Obesity
- Lifestyle

Symptoms
- Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
* Worse when lying down (orthopnea)
- Edema in extremities
- Chest pain
- Swelling of legs, hands, and feet
- Sudden weight gain
- Sudden fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness
Management
- Medications
- Blood thinners
- Lifestyle changes
- Exercise within parameters
- Heart transplant

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11
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Group of progressive lung disorders
- Emphysema: long term exposure to toxins, alveoli become ineffective, no expiratory or inspiratory volume
- Chronic Bronchitis: mucus production due to inflammation
- Irreversible airflow obstruction

Etiology:
- Smoking
- Toxins
- Environmental (pollution)
- History of asthma
- Age 40+

Symptoms:
- Chronic cough
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- Cyanosis
- Chest tightness
- Wheezing
- Weight loss

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12
Q

Tidal volume

A

Normal volume about 500cc

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the “extra” you can force about 3000cc

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14
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount you can force out after tidal volume 1100cc

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15
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked
- Heart muscle dies (necrosis)
- Cardiac arrest

Most often caused by
- Atherosclerosis
- Drug use
- Coronary artery dissection
* Spontaneous or violent
- Electrical disturbance in the body

50% die within an hour of onset

Diagnosis: EGG

Intervention:
- Aspirin
- Nitroglycerin -stops pain not blood loss
- Stop cause
* Surgical

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16
Q

Heart attack symptoms in men vs. women

A

Men
- nausea or vomiting
- jaw, neck, or back pain
- squeezing chest pressure or pain
- shortness of breath

Women
- nausea or vomiting
- jaw, neck, or UPPER back pain
- chest pain, BUT NOT ALWAYS
- pain or pressure in the LOWER CHEST or UPPER ABDOMEN
- shortness of breath
- FAINTING
- INDIGESTION
- EXTREME FATIGUE

17
Q

Role of OT in cardio patients

A

Rehab
- Strengthening
- Mobility, ADLs
Adaptation
Energy conservation
Edema treatment
- DO NOT address with CVD because you will push fluid toward the heart

18
Q

Role of OT with respiratory patients

A

Increase endurance and respiratory ability
Energy conservation
- Adaptive equipment
- Adaptive techniques
- Self pacing
Adaptation vs. rehabilitation