Cardiopulmonary Alterations

Question 1

what does a murmur sound like?

Answer 1

whooshing sound

Question 2

what causes a murmur?

Answer 2

blood backflowing through a valve

Question 3

what does s4 sound like?

Answer 3

galloping

Question 4

what do friction rubs sound like?

Answer 4

sandpapery rubbing

Question 5

what do friction rubs come from?

Answer 5

pericarditis

Question 6

what do mechanical clicks come from?

Answer 6

valve replacement

Question 7

electrocardiogram

Answer 7

records electrical activity of the heart
shows you how the heart is working

Question 8

echocardiogram

Answer 8

noninvasive ultrasound
shows the heart’s structure

Question 9

causes of tachycardia

Answer 9

blood loss, dehydration, hypovolemia, HF, pain, fever, exercise, stimulants

Question 10

s/s of tachycardia

Answer 10

SOB, light-headedness, heart palpitations, chest pain, fainting

Question 11

tachycardia treatment

Answer 11

treat the cause - hydrate, give blood, treat fever/pain, let stimulants run their course

Question 12

causes of bradycardia

Answer 12

vagal stimulation from throwing up/suctioning, beta blockers/calcium channel blockers, sleeping, being an athlete

Question 13

manifestations of bradycardia

Answer 13

can be asymptomatic/normal for some people
low BP, dizziness, chest pain, SOB, diaphoresis, confusion

Question 14

bradycardia treatment

Answer 14

nothing unless it’s causing problems - depends on severity
reevaluate medications

Question 15

essential HTN

Answer 15

unidentifiable cause

Question 16

secondary HTN

Answer 16

identifiable causes

Question 17

s/s of hypotension

Answer 17

pallor, cyanosis, periphery feels cold, confusion, clamminess, dizziness, chest pain, high HR, decreased urine production

Question 18

causes of orthostatic hypotension

Answer 18

decreased blood volume, dehydration, blood volume, prolonged bed rest, antihypertensives

Question 19

purpose of diuretics

Answer 19

get rid of excess fluid - which causes the BP to be lowered

Question 20

side effects of furosemide

Answer 20

dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

Question 21

side effects of spironolactone

Answer 21

high K, drowsiness, dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

Question 22

which diuretic is most harsh on the kidneys?

Answer 22

hydrochlorothiazide

Question 23

side effects of hydrochlorothiazide

Answer 23

dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

Question 24

what kind of med is metoprolol?

Answer 24

beta-blocker

Question 25

which antihypertensive should not be given to pt with COPD or asthma?

Answer 25

beta-blockers metoprolol

Question 26

side effects of metoprolol

Answer 26

low BP, bradycardia, fatigue, depression, weakness

Question 27

before giving someone a beta-blocker, you should...

Answer 27

take their vitals - see if BP & HR are too low

Question 28

what kind of med is verapamil?

Answer 28

calcium channel blocker

Question 29

what kind of med is diltiazem?

Answer 29

calcium channel blocker

Question 30

side effects of calcium channel blockers

Answer 30

orthostatic, peripheral edema, low HR & BP, dysrhythmias

Question 31

which antihypertensive must not be stopped suddenly?

Answer 31

calcium channel blockers verapamil diltiazem

Question 32

what kind of med is lisinopril?

Answer 32

ACE inhibitor

Question 33

side effects of lisinopril

Answer 33

cough, angioedema

Question 34

which antihypertensive med is safest for someone who is bradycardic?

Answer 34

lisinopril or losartan

Question 35

what kind of med is losartan?

Answer 35

ARB

Question 36

side effects of losartan

Answer 36

angioedema, dizziness

Question 37

bronchial breath sounds

Answer 37

over larynx/trachea high pitched, harsh blowing sound expiration > inspiration

Question 38

bronchovesicular breath sounds

Answer 38

expiration = inspiration

Question 39

vesicular breath sounds

Answer 39

soft, low pitched over lung bases expiration < inspiration

Question 40

eupnea

Answer 40

normal breathing

Question 41

tachypnea

Answer 41

fast RR

Question 42

bradypnea

Answer 42

slow RR

Question 43

apnea

Answer 43

no respirations

Question 44

dyspnea

Answer 44

feeling of breathlessness

Question 45

cause of crackles in lungs

Answer 45

fluid

Question 46

cause of rhonchi in lungs

Answer 46

mucus/secretions - goes away after coughing

Question 47

cause of wheezes in lungs

Answer 47

asthma - narrowed airways

Question 48

cause of pleural friction rub

Answer 48

inflamed pleural cavity

Question 49

s/s of acute hypoxia

Answer 49

high HR, high RR, restlessness, dyspnea, wheezes in lungs, pallor, use of accessory muscles

Question 50

asthma

Answer 50

chronic condition, causes intermittent, reversible bronchoconstriction/obstruction

Question 51

pneumonia

Answer 51

infection of the lower respiratory tract - airways begin to fill with fluids, debris, etc.

Question 52

what kind of med is albuterol?

Answer 52

SABA

Question 53

what kind of med is salmeterol?

Answer 53

LABA

Question 54

what kind of med is formoterol?

Answer 54

LABA

Question 55

primary use of LABAs

Answer 55

preventing an asthma attack

Question 56

how do LABAs work

Answer 56

slow onset, long duration of bronchodilation

Question 57

how do SABAs work

Answer 57

short acting bronchodilator

Question 58

primary use of SABAs

Answer 58

rapid relief of acute asthma

Question 59

what are glucocorticoids used for?

Answer 59

decrease airway inflammation and mucus production

Question 60

after using glucocorticoids, you should...

Answer 60

rinse the pt's mouth to prevent thrush

Question 61

what kind of med is fluticasone

Answer 61

glucocorticoid

Question 62

what kind of med is prednisone

Answer 62

glucocorticoid

Question 63

what are leukotriene modifiers used for?

Answer 63

reduce inflammation, airway edema, and mucus production; bronchodilator

Question 64

what kind of med is montelukast

Answer 64

leukotriene modifier

Question 65

what kind of med is zafirlukast

Answer 65

leukotriene modifier

Question 66

what are expectorants used for?

Answer 66

increase cough production - increase production of thin mucus

Question 67

what kind of med is guaifenesin

Answer 67

expectorant

Question 68

what are antitussives used for?

Answer 68

suppressing cough through CNS

Question 69

what kind of med is dextromethorphan?

Answer 69

antitussive

Question 70

what kind of oxygen delivery device should someone with COPD use?

Answer 70

venturi mask

Question 71

how do venturi masks work?

Answer 71

give Fi02 - increases Sp02 by an exact percentage

Question 72

dysrhythmia definition

Answer 72

heart doesn't beat at normal successive intervals