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NSG 102 > Cardiopulmonary Alterations > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Alterations Flashcards

1
Q

what does a murmur sound like?

A

whooshing sound

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2
Q

what causes a murmur?

A

blood backflowing through a valve

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3
Q

what does s4 sound like?

A

galloping

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4
Q

what do friction rubs sound like?

A

sandpapery rubbing

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5
Q

what do friction rubs come from?

A

pericarditis

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6
Q

what do mechanical clicks come from?

A

valve replacement

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7
Q

electrocardiogram

A

records electrical activity of the heart
shows you how the heart is working

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8
Q

echocardiogram

A

noninvasive ultrasound
shows the heart’s structure

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9
Q

causes of tachycardia

A

blood loss, dehydration, hypovolemia, HF, pain, fever, exercise, stimulants

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10
Q

s/s of tachycardia

A

SOB, light-headedness, heart palpitations, chest pain, fainting

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11
Q

tachycardia treatment

A

treat the cause - hydrate, give blood, treat fever/pain, let stimulants run their course

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12
Q

causes of bradycardia

A

vagal stimulation from throwing up/suctioning, beta blockers/calcium channel blockers, sleeping, being an athlete

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13
Q

manifestations of bradycardia

A

can be asymptomatic/normal for some people
low BP, dizziness, chest pain, SOB, diaphoresis, confusion

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14
Q

bradycardia treatment

A

nothing unless it’s causing problems - depends on severity
reevaluate medications

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15
Q

essential HTN

A

unidentifiable cause

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16
Q

secondary HTN

A

identifiable causes

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17
Q

s/s of hypotension

A

pallor, cyanosis, periphery feels cold, confusion, clamminess, dizziness, chest pain, high HR, decreased urine production

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18
Q

causes of orthostatic hypotension

A

decreased blood volume, dehydration, blood volume, prolonged bed rest, antihypertensives

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19
Q

purpose of diuretics

A

get rid of excess fluid - which causes the BP to be lowered

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20
Q

side effects of furosemide

A

dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

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21
Q

side effects of spironolactone

A

high K, drowsiness, dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

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22
Q

which diuretic is most harsh on the kidneys?

A

hydrochlorothiazide

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23
Q

side effects of hydrochlorothiazide

A

dehydration, low electrolytes, low BP

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24
Q

what kind of med is metoprolol?

A

beta-blocker

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25
Q

which antihypertensive should not be given to pt with COPD or asthma?

A

beta-blockers
metoprolol

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26
Q

side effects of metoprolol

A

low BP, bradycardia, fatigue, depression, weakness

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27
Q

before giving someone a beta-blocker, you should…

A

take their vitals - see if BP & HR are too low

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28
Q

what kind of med is verapamil?

A

calcium channel blocker

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29
Q

what kind of med is diltiazem?

A

calcium channel blocker

30
Q

side effects of calcium channel blockers

A

orthostatic, peripheral edema, low HR & BP, dysrhythmias

31
Q

which antihypertensive must not be stopped suddenly?

A

calcium channel blockers
verapamil
diltiazem

32
Q

what kind of med is lisinopril?

A

ACE inhibitor

33
Q

side effects of lisinopril

A

cough, angioedema

34
Q

which antihypertensive med is safest for someone who is bradycardic?

A

lisinopril or losartan

35
Q

what kind of med is losartan?

A

ARB

36
Q

side effects of losartan

A

angioedema, dizziness

37
Q

bronchial breath sounds

A

over larynx/trachea
high pitched, harsh blowing sound
expiration > inspiration

38
Q

bronchovesicular breath sounds

A

expiration = inspiration

39
Q

vesicular breath sounds

A

soft, low pitched
over lung bases
expiration < inspiration

40
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

41
Q

tachypnea

A

fast RR

42
Q

bradypnea

A

slow RR

43
Q

apnea

A

no respirations

44
Q

dyspnea

A

feeling of breathlessness

45
Q

cause of crackles in lungs

A

fluid

46
Q

cause of rhonchi in lungs

A

mucus/secretions - goes away after coughing

47
Q

cause of wheezes in lungs

A

asthma - narrowed airways

48
Q

cause of pleural friction rub

A

inflamed pleural cavity

49
Q

s/s of acute hypoxia

A

high HR, high RR, restlessness, dyspnea, wheezes in lungs, pallor, use of accessory muscles

50
Q

asthma

A

chronic condition, causes intermittent, reversible bronchoconstriction/obstruction

51
Q

pneumonia

A

infection of the lower respiratory tract - airways begin to fill with fluids, debris, etc.

52
Q

what kind of med is albuterol?

A

SABA

53
Q

what kind of med is salmeterol?

A

LABA

54
Q

what kind of med is formoterol?

A

LABA

55
Q

primary use of LABAs

A

preventing an asthma attack

56
Q

how do LABAs work

A

slow onset, long duration of bronchodilation

57
Q

how do SABAs work

A

short acting bronchodilator

58
Q

primary use of SABAs

A

rapid relief of acute asthma

59
Q

what are glucocorticoids used for?

A

decrease airway inflammation and mucus production

60
Q

after using glucocorticoids, you should…

A

rinse the pt’s mouth to prevent thrush

61
Q

what kind of med is fluticasone

A

glucocorticoid

62
Q

what kind of med is prednisone

A

glucocorticoid

63
Q

what are leukotriene modifiers used for?

A

reduce inflammation, airway edema, and mucus production; bronchodilator

64
Q

what kind of med is montelukast

A

leukotriene modifier

65
Q

what kind of med is zafirlukast

A

leukotriene modifier

66
Q

what are expectorants used for?

A

increase cough production - increase production of thin mucus

67
Q

what kind of med is guaifenesin

A

expectorant

68
Q

what are antitussives used for?

A

suppressing cough through CNS

69
Q

what kind of med is dextromethorphan?

A

antitussive

70
Q

what kind of oxygen delivery device should someone with COPD use?

A

venturi mask

71
Q

how do venturi masks work?

A

give Fi02 - increases Sp02 by an exact percentage

72
Q

dysrhythmia definition

A

heart doesn’t beat at normal successive intervals

NSG 102 (11 decks)

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