Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PANCE > Cardiology - Congenital & Valve > Flashcards

Cardiology - Congenital & Valve Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sound S1?

A

combined sound of mitral and tricuspid valve closing

M1 = mitral valve
T1 = tricuspid valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the sound S2?

A

combined sound of aortic and pulmonic valves closing

A2 = aortic
P2 = pulmonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the sound S3?

A

rapid return of blood

think systolic CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the sound S4?

A

stiff ventricle

think diastolic CHF or ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should you think of when you hear “rubs”?

A

pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are gallops?

A

S1+S2 plus S3 or S4 or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should you think of with S1+S2 plus S3?

A

systolic CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What should you think of with S1+S2 plus S4

A

diastolic CHF or ischemia (MI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does inspiration affect the heart sounds?

A

inspiration causes pulmonic and tricuspid murmus to get louder (increases venous return)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does exhalation affect the heart sounds?

A

exhalation causes Aortic and Mitral murmurs to get louder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two classifications of congenital heart anomalies?

A

cyanotic

noncyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of shunts are cyanotic?

A

right to left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 4 examples of cyanotic heart?

A
  • tetralogy of Fallot
  • pulmonary atresia
  • hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  • transposition of the great vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classify tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • VSD
  • pulmonary valve stenosis (RV outflow is obstructed)
  • overriding aorta
  • RV hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 5 examples of non cyanotic congenital heart?

A
  • ASD
  • VSD
  • AV septal defect
  • PDA
  • Coarctation of the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What congenital heart is common in down syndrome?

A

AV septal defect

noncyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • left parasternal lift
  • pulmonic ejection murmur
  • fixed splitting of S2
A

ASD

noncyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe a chest xray for ASD?

A

dilated pulmonary arteries and increased pulmonary vascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If ASD is not repaired what can happen?

A

can lead to pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood pressure is high, but equal in both arms. Lower BP in legs

  • claudication with activity
  • rib notching
A

coarctation of the aorta (non cyanotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What congenital heart is common with Turner syndrome?

A

coarctation of the aorta (non cyanotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

continuous machinery murmur

A

PDA

noncyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What congenital heart is common with congenital rubella? FTT?

A

PDA

noncyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment for PDA?

A
  • indomethacin (inhibit prostaglandins)

- surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the most common type of ASD?
ostium secundum (there are 4 types)
26
What happens in PDA?
PDA does not close - there is a channel bypassing the lungs, which allows placental gas exchange during fetal state
27
Most common congenial defect?
VSD (noncyanotic) | down syndrome
28
pansystolic (holosystolic) murmur | -hear mid sternal border
VSD
29
Which way does blood shunt with Eisenmenger?
right to left (cyanotic)
30
Which congenital heart is "boot-shaped heart" | -squatting child
tetralogy of Fallot (cyanotic = right to left)
31
What are 3 disease associated with tetralogy of Fallot?
Down syndrome Digeorge syndrome congenital rubella
32
patient presents with dizzy spells, often squats, crescendo-decrescendo holosystolic at LSB which radiates to the back?
tetralogy of Fallot (cyanotic)
33
What is a TET spell?
hyper cyanotic spell = extreme cyanosis, hyperpnea, agitation
34
Treatment for tetralogy of Fallot?
phlebotomy
35
Which congenital heart defect is common in child born to diabetic mothers?
transposition of great vessels (cyanotic)
36
What occurs in transposition of great vessels?
- aorta and pulmonary artery are switched - LV pumps to lung - RV pumps to body
37
What has to occur for a child to survive with transposition of great vessels?
- PDA - ASD - VSD
38
What is the most common sign in a new born for transposition of the great vessels?
- cyanosis | - tachypnea without resp. distress
39
What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?
right heart failure caused by pulmonary HTN (cor pulmonale)
40
What is the treatment for most congenital heart anomalies?
surgery | -can give prostaglandin prior to surgery
41
What are 5 examples of systolic murmurs?
- aortic stenosis - pulmonary stenosis - mitral regurgitation - tricuspid regurgitation - mitral valve prolapse
42
What are 4 diastolic murmurs?
- aortic regurg - pulm regurg - mitral stenosis - tricuspid stenosis
43
What is MRTAPS?
mnemonic for systolic murmur M=mitral R=regurg T=tricuspid A=aortic P=pulmonic S=stenosis
44
What is a functional murmur?
-physiologic murmur =due to conditions outside the heart, no valve defects =benign =innocent
45
murmur is audible on listening carefully for some time
grade 1
46
murmur is faint but audible
grade 2
47
loud murmur readily audible but with no palpable thrill
grade 3
48
loud murmur with palpable thrill
grade 4
49
loud murmur with palpable thrill. audible barely touching the chest with scope
grade 5
50
loud murmur with palpable thrill, audible to ear
grade 6
51
how does sound radiate in a murmur?
sound radiates in the direction of the blood flow
52
Symptoms: angina, syncope (with effort), heart failure Exam: narrow pulse pressure, apical lift, S4 slow carotid upstroke
Aortic Stenosis (systolic mumur) ASH angina syncope heart (failure)
53
What does LVH do?
LVH = makes LV stiff stiff ventricle = diastolic HF = s4 + dyspnea
54
midsystolic murmur radiates to neck. hear better if pt sits and leans forward.
aortic stenosis
55
Cause of Aortic Regurgitation?
- rheumatic fever - enodocarditis (destroy leaflets) - CT disorder
56
diastolic decrescendo. hear better if patient sits, leans forward with full exhalation. wide pulse pressures
aortic regurgitation (radiates down)
57
Treatment for aortic regurgitation?
ACEI, loop diuretic, BB (mainstay for compensated systolic failure) -ABX = if endocarditis or rheumatic fever
58
#1 of this valve disorder is rheumatic fever!
mitral stensis
59
mitral stenosis can have what type of arrhythmia?
atrial fibrillation
60
symptoms: palpations (afib), heart failure (CHF), dyspnea with exertion
mitral stenosis mnemonic PHD (palpitation, heart failure, dyspnea)
61
middiastolic, opening snap, best heard at apex (pt in lateral position)
mitral stenosis
62
Treatment for mitral stenosis?
medical = BB or CCB to slow heart rate surgery = definitive
63
holosystolic murmur, apex, radiate to axilla
mitral regurgitaiton
64
causes of mitral regurgitation?
- chordae tendonae rupture - valve degeneration - endocarditis - dilatation
65
What should you think of with Austin Flint murmur?
aortic regurg
66
young female, thin sharp, jabbing chest pain palpitations, No EKG changes, dyspnea mid-systolic click and late apical systolic murmur
mitral valve prolapse TX: reassurance, BB
67
mid diastolic murmur best heard over the left sternal border with rumbling
tricuspid stenosis | often from rheumatic fever
68
If the tricuspid valve is involved...
so are the aortic and mitral valves!! rheumatic fever affects mitral = then aortic = then tricuspid valves
69
pansystolic murmur, best heard at LLSB, increases with inspiration, JVP
tricuspid regurg
70
What is Carvallo's sign?
murmur of tricuspid regurgitation increases in intensity during held, deep inspiration =tricuspid regurg
71
Symptoms of tricuspid regard are similar to what?
Right heart failure - ascites - hepatomegaly - edema - Jugular venous distention
72
common cause of pulmonary regurgitation?
pulmonary HTN
73
What is Noonan Syndrome? (KIDS)
pulmonary stenosis - ASD - HOCM - short stature - learning problem - pectus excavatum - webbed neck - flat nose bridge
74
murmur is systolic crescendo-decrescendo ejection in left upper sternal border
pulmonary stenosis
75
symptoms of this heart murmur = SOB, JVD, Right heart failure
pulmonary stenosis
76
What are the different types of valve replacement?
- mechanical - biologic - closure device (for ASD)
77
mechanical valves
metallic valves that require anticoagulation with warfarin = if no warfarin leads to clot =INR 2.5-3.5 +click is normal
78
Do you hear a click with biologic valves?
no

PANCE (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions