CARDIOLOGY 2 Flashcards
causes of long QT
congenital
antiarrhythmics
TCAs
antipsychotics
chloroquine
terfenadine
macrolide abx - erythromycin
electrolytes: low Ca, K, mg
myocarditis
hypothermia
SAH
grace % over what indicates PCI necessary?
3%
what does electrical alternans indicate on ECG?
cardiac tamponade
WPW syndrome
short PR
prolonged QRS
slurred delta waves
posterior MI:
changes in V1-3
tall R waves in V2&3
dominant R wave in V2
horizontal ST depession
upright T waves
pleuritic chest pain and raised ESR 4 weeks after an MI cause?
Dressler syndrome
inheritance pattern and most common race affected by Brugada syndrome?
AD
Asian
ECG changes in brugada syndrome and how can you make these more evident?
convex ST elevation in V1-3 followed by negative T waves & partial RBBB
more prominent after giving fleicainide
what is the most common cause of death in HOCM?
ventricular arrhythmias
which valvular heart diseases are most associated with rheumatic fever?
mitral valvular heart disease
(can also cause other valvular heart diseases too)
management of aortic stenosis that is asymptomatic?
observe unless valvular gradient is >40
management of aortic stenosis that is symptomatic?
valve replacement
how is the aortic valve replaced?
surgical most commonly
if high risk operation then TAVR
If critical AS and not fit for valve replacement then balloon valvuloplasty
what is a trifascicular block?
RBBB
left anterior or posterior hemlock (LAD or, less commonly, RAD)
1st degree heart block
what is bifascicular block?
the combination of RBBB with left anterior or posterior hemiblock
e.g. RBBB with left axis deviation
hypokalaemia:
U waves
small or absent T waves that can occasionally be inverted
prolonged PR
ST depression
long QT
“In Hypokalaemia, U have no Pot and no T, but a long PR and a long QT”
SE of ivabradine?
Visual changes
Headaches
Bradycardia
Heart block
SE of adenosine?
Chest pain
Bronchospasm
Transient flushing
Increased ventricular rate
SE of nitrates?
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Headaches
Flushing
Half life of adenosine//
8–10 seconds
Causes of LBBB?
MI
Hypertension
Aortic stenosis
Cardiomyopathy
causes of RBBB?
Normal variant
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Increased right ventricular pressure
PE
MI
ASD
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
What can cause pulsus paradoxus?
Severe asthma
Cardiac tamponade
What is the Austin flint murmur? cause?
Mid-late diastolic rumbling
Caused by severe AR
What causes S3?
Normal if <30
Left ventricular failure
Constrictive pericarditis
MR
What is the pathology behind S3?
caused by diastolic filling of the ventricle
What can cause S4?
aortic stenosis, HOCM, hypertension
Pathology behind S4?
caused by atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle
