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Pharmacology > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what medications should be avoided in HOCM

A

ACE inhibitors
nicorandil
nitrates

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2
Q

mechanism of action of hydralazine

A

causes arteriole vasodilatation by inhibiting oxidation of nitric oxide

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3
Q

what antihypertensive may cause drug induced lupus? how would this present?

A

hydralazine
joint pains, butterfly facial rash, pyrexia etc

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4
Q

medications responsible for drug induced lupus

A

hydralazine
methyldopa
phenytoin
isoniazid
procanamide
etanercept

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5
Q

how does ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalaemia

A

due to decreased levels of aldosterone which causes potassium retension in distal tubule and cortical collecting duct

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6
Q

cholesterol reducing drug which causes gallstones and mechanism of action

A

fibrates
activate PPAR alpha which reduces expression of 7-alpha-hydroxylase which is the enzyme for the rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis

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7
Q

cholesterol reducing drug which can cause reduction in fat soluble vitamins and mechanism of action

A

bile acid resins e.g. cholestyramine
disrupt enterohepatic bile acid circulation

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8
Q

cholesterol reducing drug which can cause hyperglycaemia or hyperuricaemia and its mechanism of action

A

niacin
inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis

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9
Q

mechanism of action of GTN

A

causes venodilation via c-GMP which decreases preload and decreases oxygen demand

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10
Q

contraindications to GTN

A

right ventricular infarction
concurrent PDE-5 inhibitors
HOCM

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11
Q

what patients may be more prone to angioedema caused by ACE inhibitors and why

A

ACE causes oedema due to decreased degredation of bradykinin
more prone in patients with history of hypersenstivity reactions
can occur at any stage even if they have been on it for years so alway suspect

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12
Q

side effects of niacin

A

cutaneous flushing
hyperglycaemia
hyperuricaemia

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13
Q

side effects of cholestyramine

A

reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins

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14
Q

side effects of statins

A

myopathy
derranged LFT’s

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15
Q

side effects of fibrates

A

cholesterol gallstones

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16
Q

what type of anti-arrythmic is flecainide

A

Ic anti-arrhythmmic

17
Q

what type of anti-arrythmic is lidocaine

A

Ib anti-arrythmic

18
Q

what tyype of anti-arrhythmic is verapamil

A

IV anti-arrythmic

19
Q

what type of anti-arythmic is ibutilide

A

type III anti-arythmic

20
Q

what type of anti-arrythmic could cause torsades de pointes in WPW syndrome

A

type III antiarrythmics i.e. ibutilide or sotalol as they prolong the QT

21
Q

what type of anti-arrythmic is procanamide

A

Ia anti-arrythmic

22
Q

what is used to treat AF in a patient with WPW syndrome

A

type III antiarrythmics (i.e. ibutilide) or type Ia (i.e. procanamide)

23
Q

what condition has similar disease mechanism to the action of GIIa/IIIb inhibitors

A

Glanzman thrombasthenia

24
Q

what lipid loweing drug causes flushing and how can this be prevented

A

niacin
concomittant use of aspirin

25
Q

main side effects of nitroprusside

A

Prolonged use of nitroprusside can lead to cyanide toxicity, especially in individuals with decreased renal function.
Cyanide acts primarily via inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase in the electron transport chain.

26
Q

treatment for hypertensive emergency and how they work

A

nitroprusside - dilatation due to release of NO
fenoldopam - dopamine D1 agonist which causes coronary, perheral, splanchnic and renal vasodilatation

27
Q

side effects of fenoldopam

A

D1 receptor agonist
used to treat hypertensive crisis
can cause hypotenion, flushing, nausea

28
Q

side effects of nitroprusside

A

cyanide toxicity
used to treat hypertensive emergency
cyanosis, diarrhoea, headache, confusion

29
Q

mechanism of action of CCB

A

slow AV node conduction

30
Q

how does alpha blockers cause postural hypotension

A

baroreceptor reflex dysfunction

31
Q

how do ACE inhibitors affect vascular smooth msucle

A

activation of phospholipase C and decreased activation of Gq

32
Q

cardioselective betablockers

A

atenolol
esmolol
metoprolol
nebivolol

33
Q

action of cardioselective betablockers

A

affect phase 4 of cardiac cycle
decrease activity of funny If channels which decreases cGMP activity of SA node = slows heart rate

34
Q

action of milrinone and what its used for?

A

PDE-3 inhibitor
used in acute decompensated heart failure
causes increased peripheral vascular resistance and increased cardiac contractility by increasing cAMP

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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