cardio-respiratory system Flashcards
define trachea
carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs
define bronchi
carries air from the trachea to the lungs
define bronchioles
carries air from the bronchi to the alveoli
define lungs
pair of large, spongy organs optimised for gas exchange between the blood and the air
define alveoli
many tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange
describe what happens in vasodilation
blood vessels get bigger when we need more blood i.e. during exercise
describe what happens in vasoconstriction
blood vessels get smaller when we need less blood i.e. in the stomach
what are 5 characteristics of arteries
- thick MUSCULAR TISSUE
- thick ELASTIC WALLS
- SMALL lumen
- carries blood at HIGH pressure
- carries blood AWAY from heart
what are 5 characteristics of veins
- VALVES - stop back flow
- thin walls / muscular tissue
- LARGE lumen
- carries blood at LOW pressure
- carries blood TOWARDS heart
what are 2 characteristics of capillaries
- 1 CELL THICK walls
- SMALL lumen
- allows gaseous exchange
- carries blood at LOW pressure
what is the word equation for aerobic exercise
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
where is glucose stored
in the muscles
how do we get oxygen
via respiring
how do we get rid of carbon dioxide and water
exhaling and sweating
where does aerobic exercise take place
takes place in the PRESENCE of oxygen, LOW INTENSITY exercise for a LONG period of time for example running a marathon
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose —> lactic acid + energy
what is lactic acid
waste product from anaerobic respiration - can cause cramps
what does EPOC stand for
excess post-exercise consumption
what is excess post-exercise consumption (EPOC)
inhaling enough oxygen to cancel out lactic acid
OR
increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise
what is anaerobic respiration
takes place in the ABSENCE of oxygen, HIGH intensity exercise for a SHORT period of time for example a 100m sprint
OR
the process of releasing energy from glucose, without oxygen
what is the first process of gas exchange
oxygen that has been breathed in passes through the alveoli and into the red blood cells in the capillaries
what is the second process of gas exchange
in the capillaries, the oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and is then carried around the body
what is the third process of gas exchange
at the same time, haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the body to the capillaries
what is the fourth process of gas exchange
the carbon dioxide in the capillaries passes through the alveoli and is breathed out
define artery
blood vessel carrying blood AWAY from the heart
define vein
blood vessel carrying blood TOWARDS the heart
define capillaries
very thing blood vessels that allow gas exchange to happen
define vasoconstriction
REDUCING the DIAMETER of small arteries TO REDUCE BLOOD FLOW to tissues
define vasodilation
INCREASING the DIAMETER of small arteries TO INCREASE BLOOD FLOW to tissues
what is the thick arterial walls’ function in the cardiovascular system
able to withstand high blood pressure without rupturing
what is the wide venous lumen’s function in the cardiovascular system
act as a reservoir for blood flow while movement intensity and oxygen demands are low
what is one cell thick’s function in the cardiovascular system
partially permeable membrane allows gases to diffuse across it
what is the pocket valves’ function in the cardiovascular system
close up when pressure drops preventing blood backflow
what is the elastic smooth muscle’s function in the cardiovascular system
stretches under high pressure, providing elastic recoil to propel blood further
what is the contracted smooth muscle’s function in the cardiovascular system
vasoconstriction restricts the amount of blood that can pass through to the tissue beyond the vessel
what is the relaxed smooth muscle’s function in the cardiovascular system
vasodilation increases the amount of blood that can pass through to the tissue beyond the vessel
what is the narrow arterial lumen’s function in the cardiovascular system
as the heart contracts, a smaller space in the artery ensures pressure remains high and blood flows quickly through the vessel
what is the narrow capillary lumen’s function in the cardiovascular system
blood cells must travel in single file, increasing the time they are exposed in an area susceptible to diffusion
what are the seven steps to drawing the structure of the heart?
1 - draw a square in the middle of your page with a pencil (approximately 10×10 cm)
2 - draw a line down the middle of it from top to bottom and again from side to side (so you end up with four boxes)
3 - rub out two small parts of the horizontal line (one on each side on the vertical line) so you create a gap draw two small vertical lines either side to create a small tube
4 - label the four boxes - left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle (inside the boxes - the ventricles go at the bottom)
5 - draw a vessel that leaves the ventricle and goes to the body
6 - draw a vessel that leaves the body and arrives at the right atrium
7 - draw another vessel that leaves the right ventricle and derives at the lungs (it will need to cross over another vessel - that’s okay)
what 4 labels would I need to include in drawing the structure of the heart?
- aorta - I carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
- vena cava - I take deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body
- pulmonary vein - I bring the newly oxygenated blood to an atrium in the heart
- pulmonary artery - I have to take deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to be re-oxygenated through gas exchange
- colour everything on the left side of your heart red including the vessels and everything on the right blue, remember that this is the left side of the heart not your left!
define cardiac cycle
sequence of events that occur when the heart beats
define systole
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
contraction/pumping
define diastole
the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
relaxation/filling
what occurs during diastole (name four things)
- low pressure
- valves are open
- atria and ventricles are relaxed
- blood is able to pass through to the ventricles
what occurs during systole (name four things)
- high pressure
- ventricles contract, ejecting blood from the heart
- left ventricle forces blood out of the heart along the aorta to the rest of the body
- right ventricle forces blood out of the heart along the pulmonary artery to the lungs
describes what happens in the right atria diastole
de-oxygenated blood from the vena cava enters and fills the chamber
describes what happens in the left ventricle diastole
the chamber is awaiting oxygenated blood to be
ejected from the chamber above it
describes what happens in the right atria systole
chamber walls contract inward ejecting deoxygenated blood down through valves into the chamber below
describes what happens in the left ventricle systole
chamber walls contract inward ejecting oxygenated blood out of the heart into the aorta
describes what happens in the left atria diastole
oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein enters and fills the chamber
describes what happens in the right ventricle diastole
the chambers is awaiting deoxygenated blood to be ejected from the chamber above it
describes what happens in the left atria systole
chamber walls contract inward ejecting oxygenated blood down through valves into the chamber below
describes what happens in the right ventricle systole
chamber walls contract inward ejecting deoxygenated blood out of the heart into the pulmonary artery
what is the relationship (equation) between: cardiac output, volume and heart rate?
cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
define cardiac output
the volume of blood that the heart PUMPS out per MINUTE
define stroke volume
the volume of blood that leaves the heart per CONTRACTION
define heart rate
the number of times the heart BEATS per MINUTE
what is the equation for the max heart rate
220 - age
what is an ANTICIPATORY RISE?
small rise and heart rate before exercise (adrenaline)
when does an anticipatory rise occur?
in the preparation - adrenaline
what happens to the STROKE VOLUME as we begin to exercise
rapidly increases
what happens to the stroke volume as we increase the intensity of exercise?
decreases - heart beats too fast then fills with blood again
explain what happens to CARDIAC OUTPUT during low intensity exercise through two high intensity?
as intensity increase, volume of blood ejaculated from heart (cardiac output) increases because more oxygen/energy is required
define inspiration
the intake of air into the lungs
define expiration
the expulsion of air from the lungs
describe the movement of the lungs during inspiration
The intercostal muscles contract causing the ribs to rise and the chest cavity to increase in size. At the same, time contraction of the dome shaped diaphragm causes it to flatten therefore increasing the chest cavity.
describe the movement of the lungs during expiration
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, the ribs descend and chest volume decreases.
how can you remember the effect intercostal muscles have on the volume of the chest?
INtercostal muscles INcrease the volume of the chest cavity
what are the two additional muscles needed during inspiration
- sternocleidomastoid (neck)
- pectorals
what is an additional muscle needed during expiration
abdominals
define title volume
the volume of air breathed in (or out) during a normal breath at rest
define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the additional amount of air that can be (forcibly) exhaled (beyond tidal volume)
define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the additional amount of air that can be (forcibly) inhaled (beyond tidal volume)
define residual volume
the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
explain the impact exercise has on tidal volume referring to a spirometer trace
when you exercise, tidal volume increases as you take deeper breaths and breathing rate increases as you breathe more quickly
as a result, the trace peaks and troughs get higher and lower respectively and closer together
describe the line on a spirometer trace that would show vital capacity
a single wave that reached both IRV and ERV
what does DOMS stand for
delayed onset muscle soreness
define DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness)
the pain/stiffness felt in the days following strenuous exercise
define nausea
feelings of sickness after/during exercise
define cramp
involuntary contraction of muscle
define cool down
undertaken after exercise to speed up recovery e.g. walking, jogging, followed by some static stretches
define rehydration
replacing lost water, minerals and carbohydrates after exercise
define ice bath
immersion in cold water to speed up recovery
define massage
the rubbing and needing of muscle and joints with the hands
what does a cool down do
- clears waste products - including lactic acid (by maintaining an elevated breathing rate / heart rate)
- reduces potential for DOMS
- reduces chances of dizziness or fainting caused by pooling of blood at extremities
- allows breathing and heart rate to slowly return to their resting rates to prevent sudden changes in the heart rhythm, which could be dangerous
what are two examples of cool downs
- 5-10 mins walking/jogging across pitch/court
- static stretching
what are four recovery processes
- rehydration
- manipulation of diet
- massage
- ice baths
how does rehydration help recovery
drinking plenty of water is vital to restore the fluids that have been lost during exercise
how does manipulation of diet help recovery
consuming carbohydrates will help to restore the glucose that has been used during exercise
how does a massage help recovery
massages increase blood flow, reduce inflammation and help to prevent delay onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
how do ice baths help recovery
ice baths help to reduce inflammation and prevent DOMS by repairing the micro-tears that occur in muscle fibres
when you have finished a strenuous training session (or during) what do you consume, both in liquid form and solid form?
could be:
bananas
sweets
water
energy drinks
what are immediate effects of exercise
- hot/sweaty/red skin/increased body temperature
- increase in depth and frequency of breathing
- increased heart rate
why does body temperature increase immediately after (or during) exercise
skin becomes hot, sweaty and red as blood vessels near the skin open to allow heat to escape and cool the body
why does an increase in breathing rate occur immediately after (or during) exercise
depth and frequency of breathing speeds up to increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
why does an increase in heart rate occur immediately after (or during) exercise
heart rate speeds up to increase blood flow to the working muscles and increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
what are the short-term effects of exercise
- tiredness/fatigue
- light headedness
- nausea
- aching / delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) / cramps
how long after exercise are the short term effects
up to 36 hours
why does fatigue occur in the short term effects of exercise
tiredness and fatigue can occur because of low energy stores
why does light-headedness occur in the short term effects of exercise
light-headedness is usually a result of dehydration, low blood pressure or low energy stores
why does nausea occur in the short term effects of exercise
nausea can be caused by overexertion or a lack of hydration
why does DOMS occur in the short term effects of exercise
aching, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and cramps can result from strenuous exercise
what are the long term effects of exercise
- change in body shape
- hypertrophy - increase in heart size
- bradycardia - lower resting heart rate
if don’t remember ones above :
- improvements in specific components of fitness (muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, speed)
- build muscle strength
- flexibility
- stamina
why does a change in body shape occur in the long term effects of exercise
your body shape may change over time, this can include weight loss or an increase and muscle size
why does an increase in heart size (HYPERTROPHY) occur in the long term effects of exercise
the heart becomes bigger and stronger and can therefore pump more blood around the body
why does a lower resting heart rate (BRADYCARDIA) occur in the long term effects of exercise
resting heart rate decreases, and less recovery time is needed after exercise
