bones and muscles Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeleton
•support/structure
•protection of vital organs by flat bones
•movement
•structural shape and points for attachment
•mineral storage
•blood cell production
(functions should be applied to performance in physical activity e.g. protection of the heart and lungs by the ribs when ‘chesting’ a ball)
what is extension
increase of angle at joint
what is flexion
decrease of angle at joint
what is abduction
taking limbs away from the midline of the body
what is adduction
moving limbs into the midline of the body
what is plantarflexion
pointing the toes at the ankle (increasing angle)
what is dorsiflexion
decreasing the angle at the ankle
what is the characteristic of a tendon
attaches the bone to the muscle - very strong
what is the role of a cartilage
connective tissue and allows smooth movement, it’s at the end of the bone and stops wearing away of the bone due to friction
what is the role of the synovial membrane
releases synovial fluid into the joint cavity
what is the role of the synovial fluid
provides lubrication to reduce the friction between the articular cartilage of the synovial joints during movement and to lubricate the joint, to nourish the joint and to act as a shock absorber
what is the characteristic of a ligament
connective tissue (bands of fibre) that joins bone to bone and restricts unwanted movement
what is the role of the bursae
tiny, slippery sacks of fluid which reduce friction and provides cushioning, smooth and stable movement
what is the role of the joint capsule
walls of the joint cavity, fibrous tissue that joins bones together, prevents wear and tear on the bones
what is the role of the joint cavity
bones don’t touch, filled with synovial fluid
what is the definition of a joint
place where two or more bones meet
what is the definition of a synovial joint
type of joint commonly found in limbs; contains a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
what is the short definition of a cartilage
covers ends of bones providing a smooth, friction free surface
what is the short definition of the synovial fluid
produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint
what is the short definition of a capsule
tough fibrous tissue – surrounds synovial joints; usually supported by ligaments
what is the short definition of the ligaments
joins bone to bone
what is the short definition of a dislocation
when the bones of a joint separate from their normal position
what is the short definition of the bursae
fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in the joint
what is the short definition of a tendon
attaches muscle to bones
what are the hinge joints in the body
•elbow
•ankle
•knee
what are the ball and socket joints in the body
•shoulder
•hip
what are the six functions of the skeleton
•protection of vital organs
•movement
•mineral storage
•structure/support
•blood cell production
•structural shape
define support by bones
bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place
define protection by bones
some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage
define movement in the skeleton
the skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone, this enables us to move
how is blood production in the bone useful
blood cells are produced in bone marrow, red blood cells transport oxygen and white blood cells protect the body by fighting infections
what is the role of mineral storage in the skeleton
important minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are stored in the bones
what is rotation
turning a limb along its axis / a movement around an axis
what is circumduction
movement of a bone or limb around a joint in a circular motion; a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
what is the agonist
the prime mover – muscles that cause movement
what is the antagonist
muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract
define isotonic
muscle action where the muscle changes length – causes movement
define isometric
muscle action where the muscle stays the same length – used in balances
define concentric
isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens
define eccentric
isotonic contraction where the muscle lengths – used to control downward movements
what is a hinge joint
joint that allows flexion and extension (moving like a hinge on a door)
what is the vertebrae
bones that form the spine or backbone
define the ball and socket joint
joint that allows many movements – flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation
what is a range of movement
a measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of the different movements allowed
what is the meniscus
cartilage acting as a shock absorber between the tibia and the femur in the knee joint
what does the cruciate ligaments do
control the front and back motion of your knee, attach tibia to femur in the knee joint
What are the bones in the head/neck
Cranium and vertebrae
What are the bones in the shoulder
Scapula and humerus (and clavicle)
What are the bones in the chest
Ribs and sternum
What are the bones in the elbow
Humerus, radius and ulna
What are the bones in the hip
Pelvis and femur
What are the bones in the knee
Femur and tibia
What are the bones in the ankle
Tibia, fibula and talus (and patella)
What are the functions of short bones
Short bones allow finer, controlled movements e.g. carpals and tarsals
What are the functions of long bones
Long bones enable gross movements e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula,femur
What are the functions of flat bones
Flat bones are involved in the protection of vital organs e.g. scapula, sternum, ribs and pelvis
What are 5 functions of the skeleton
- Support for muscles and vital tissues - no support = no movement
- Storage of minerals which are essential for major body functions
- Blood cell production - red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells fight of infections
- Protection of vital organs by flat bones (cranium protects the brain) - crucial for performance long-term health allowing players to continue training
- Movement occurs at joints when muscles contract to pull on the bone
- structural shape and points for attachment for muscles
Where are the synovial joints (freely movable joints) located
- shoulder
- elbow
- hip
- knee
- ankle
What is the function of the (articular) cartilage
Tough and flexible tissue that prevents bones from rubbing and creating friction (prevents injury)
What is the function of ligaments
Band of elastic that attaches bone to bone which keeps joint stable (prevents injury)
What is the function of the bursae
Sac of fluid that reduces friction between tendon and bone (prevents injury)
What is the function of the joint capsule
Tissue the encloses synovial fluid, it also holds the joint together (prevents injury)
What is the function of the synovial membrane
Lines the joint capsule that secretes the synovial fluid (prevents injury)
What are the 2 types of synovial joints that allow for a great range of movement
- ball and socket
- hinge
Describe the movement and location of the ball and socket joints
These joints are located at the shoulder and the hip and allow movement in almost every direction.
This joint enables the movements:
- Rotation
- Abduction/adduction
- Flexion/extension
Describe the movement and location of the hinge joints
These joints are located at the elbow, knee and ankle.
They allow flexion and extension of a joint (ankle is plantarflexion and dorsiflexion)
Define extension
Increase in the angle of bones at a joint (talk about angle)
Define flexion
Decrease in angle of bones at a joint (talk about angle)
Define abduction
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body (talk about midline)
Define adduction
Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body (talk about midline)
Define rotation
A circular movement around a joint/axis
Define plantar flexion
Movement at the ankle that points the toes increasing the angle.
Define dorsi flexion
Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards decrease the angle.
How to remember abduction and adduction
To abduct something is to take something away
What are the muscles at the shoulder joint
Deltoid, pectorals, latissimus dorsi, triceps, biceps, rotator cuff
What are the muscles at the elbow joint
Bicep and tricep
What are the muscles at the hip joint
Gluteals and hip flexors
What are the muscles at the knee joint
Quadriceps group and hamstring group
What are the muscles at the ankle joint
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
What is the function of the deltoid
Abduction of the shoulder e.g. outward arm action in jumping jack.
What is the function of the rotator cuffs
A group of stabilising muscles of the shoulder which helps to prevent dislocation and allows the shoulder to rotate the humerus around its own axis e.g. a throwing action such as a javelin throw
What is the function of the pectorals
Abduction of the shoulder; shoulder horizontal flexion e.g. Upward phase of a press up
What is the function of the intercostals
Assist with the breathing process e.g. All sporting activities but particularly endurance events.
What is the function of the biceps
Flexion at the elbow e.g. Drawing a bow in archery.
What is the function of the triceps
Extension at the elbow e.g. shooting in netball (be more specific on what part of the shot)
What is the function of the abdominals
Flex the trunk across the stomach e.g. Performing a sit up.
What is the function of the latissimus dorsi
Shoulder adduction; shoulder horizontal extension e.g. butterfly stroke in swimming
What is the function of the quadriceps
Extension at the knee e.g. kicking a ball (more specific on what motion of kicking the ball)
What is the function of the hamstrings
Flexion at the knee e.g. Performing a hamstring and a weights machine.
What is the function of the gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion of the ankle e.g. Standing on tiptoe to mark a goal shot in netball.
What is the function of the tibialis anterior
Dorsi flexion of the ankle e.g. foot making contact with a football.
Describe antagonistic pairs
One muscle will contract while the other muscle relaxes
Define the agonist (prime mover)
The muscle that contracts
Define the antagonist
The muscle that relaxes
What are 4 examples of antagonistic pairs
- biceps and triceps at the elbow to perform flexion and extension
- Hip flexors and gluteal acting at the hip to create flexion and extension
- Hamstring group and quadriceps at the knee for flexion and extension
- Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius at the ankle for plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
Define isotonic contraction
Muscle changes length under tension
Define isometric contraction
Muscle stays the same length under tension
