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PE > bones and muscles > Flashcards

bones and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A

•support/structure
•protection of vital organs by flat bones
•movement
•structural shape and points for attachment
•mineral storage
•blood cell production

(functions should be applied to performance in physical activity e.g. protection of the heart and lungs by the ribs when ‘chesting’ a ball)

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2
Q

what is extension

A

increase of angle at joint

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3
Q

what is flexion

A

decrease of angle at joint

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4
Q

what is abduction

A

taking limbs away from the midline of the body

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5
Q

what is adduction

A

moving limbs into the midline of the body

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6
Q

what is plantarflexion

A

pointing the toes at the ankle (increasing angle)

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7
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

decreasing the angle at the ankle

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8
Q

what is the characteristic of a tendon

A

attaches the bone to the muscle - very strong

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9
Q

what is the role of a cartilage

A

connective tissue and allows smooth movement, it’s at the end of the bone and stops wearing away of the bone due to friction

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10
Q

what is the role of the synovial membrane

A

releases synovial fluid into the joint cavity

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11
Q

what is the role of the synovial fluid

A

provides lubrication to reduce the friction between the articular cartilage of the synovial joints during movement and to lubricate the joint, to nourish the joint and to act as a shock absorber

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12
Q

what is the characteristic of a ligament

A

connective tissue (bands of fibre) that joins bone to bone and restricts unwanted movement

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13
Q

what is the role of the bursae

A

tiny, slippery sacks of fluid which reduce friction and provides cushioning, smooth and stable movement

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14
Q

what is the role of the joint capsule

A

walls of the joint cavity, fibrous tissue that joins bones together, prevents wear and tear on the bones

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15
Q

what is the role of the joint cavity

A

bones don’t touch, filled with synovial fluid

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16
Q

what is the definition of a joint

A

place where two or more bones meet

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17
Q

what is the definition of a synovial joint

A

type of joint commonly found in limbs; contains a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

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18
Q

what is the short definition of a cartilage

A

covers ends of bones providing a smooth, friction free surface

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19
Q

what is the short definition of the synovial fluid

A

produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint

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20
Q

what is the short definition of a capsule

A

tough fibrous tissue – surrounds synovial joints; usually supported by ligaments

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21
Q

what is the short definition of the ligaments

A

joins bone to bone

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22
Q

what is the short definition of a dislocation

A

when the bones of a joint separate from their normal position

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23
Q

what is the short definition of the bursae

A

fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in the joint

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24
Q

what is the short definition of a tendon

A

attaches muscle to bones

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25
Q

what are the hinge joints in the body

A

•elbow
•ankle
•knee

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26
Q

what are the ball and socket joints in the body

A

•shoulder
•hip

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27
Q

what are the six functions of the skeleton

A

•protection of vital organs
•movement
•mineral storage
•structure/support
•blood cell production
•structural shape

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28
Q

define support by bones

A

bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place

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29
Q

define protection by bones

A

some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage

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30
Q

define movement in the skeleton

A

the skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone, this enables us to move

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31
Q

how is blood production in the bone useful

A

blood cells are produced in bone marrow, red blood cells transport oxygen and white blood cells protect the body by fighting infections

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32
Q

what is the role of mineral storage in the skeleton

A

important minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are stored in the bones

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33
Q

what is rotation

A

turning a limb along its axis / a movement around an axis

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34
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement of a bone or limb around a joint in a circular motion; a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

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35
Q

what is the agonist

A

the prime mover – muscles that cause movement

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36
Q

what is the antagonist

A

muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract

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37
Q

define isotonic

A

muscle action where the muscle changes length – causes movement

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38
Q

define isometric

A

muscle action where the muscle stays the same length – used in balances

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39
Q

define concentric

A

isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens

40
Q

define eccentric

A

isotonic contraction where the muscle lengths – used to control downward movements

41
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

joint that allows flexion and extension (moving like a hinge on a door)

42
Q

what is the vertebrae

A

bones that form the spine or backbone

43
Q

define the ball and socket joint

A

joint that allows many movements – flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation

44
Q

what is a range of movement

A

a measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of the different movements allowed

45
Q

what is the meniscus

A

cartilage acting as a shock absorber between the tibia and the femur in the knee joint

46
Q

what does the cruciate ligaments do

A

control the front and back motion of your knee, attach tibia to femur in the knee joint

47
Q

What are the bones in the head/neck

A

Cranium and vertebrae

48
Q

What are the bones in the shoulder

A

Scapula and humerus (and clavicle)

49
Q

What are the bones in the chest

A

Ribs and sternum

50
Q

What are the bones in the elbow

A

Humerus, radius and ulna

51
Q

What are the bones in the hip

A

Pelvis and femur

52
Q

What are the bones in the knee

A

Femur and tibia

53
Q

What are the bones in the ankle

A

Tibia, fibula and talus (and patella)

54
Q

What are the functions of short bones

A

Short bones allow finer, controlled movements e.g. carpals and tarsals

55
Q

What are the functions of long bones

A

Long bones enable gross movements e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula,femur

56
Q

What are the functions of flat bones

A

Flat bones are involved in the protection of vital organs e.g. scapula, sternum, ribs and pelvis

57
Q

What are 5 functions of the skeleton

A
  • Support for muscles and vital tissues - no support = no movement
  • Storage of minerals which are essential for major body functions
  • Blood cell production - red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells fight of infections
  • Protection of vital organs by flat bones (cranium protects the brain) - crucial for performance long-term health allowing players to continue training
  • Movement occurs at joints when muscles contract to pull on the bone
  • structural shape and points for attachment for muscles
58
Q

Where are the synovial joints (freely movable joints) located

A
  • shoulder
  • elbow
  • hip
  • knee
  • ankle
59
Q

What is the function of the (articular) cartilage

A

Tough and flexible tissue that prevents bones from rubbing and creating friction (prevents injury)

60
Q

What is the function of ligaments

A

Band of elastic that attaches bone to bone which keeps joint stable (prevents injury)

61
Q

What is the function of the bursae

A

Sac of fluid that reduces friction between tendon and bone (prevents injury)

62
Q

What is the function of the joint capsule

A

Tissue the encloses synovial fluid, it also holds the joint together (prevents injury)

63
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane

A

Lines the joint capsule that secretes the synovial fluid (prevents injury)

64
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial joints that allow for a great range of movement

A
  • ball and socket
  • hinge
65
Q

Describe the movement and location of the ball and socket joints

A

These joints are located at the shoulder and the hip and allow movement in almost every direction.

This joint enables the movements:
- Rotation
- Abduction/adduction
- Flexion/extension

66
Q

Describe the movement and location of the hinge joints

A

These joints are located at the elbow, knee and ankle.

They allow flexion and extension of a joint (ankle is plantarflexion and dorsiflexion)

67
Q

Define extension

A

Increase in the angle of bones at a joint (talk about angle)

68
Q

Define flexion

A

Decrease in angle of bones at a joint (talk about angle)

69
Q

Define abduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body (talk about midline)

70
Q

Define adduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body (talk about midline)

71
Q

Define rotation

A

A circular movement around a joint/axis

72
Q

Define plantar flexion

A

Movement at the ankle that points the toes increasing the angle.

73
Q

Define dorsi flexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards decrease the angle.

74
Q

How to remember abduction and adduction

A

To abduct something is to take something away

75
Q

What are the muscles at the shoulder joint

A

Deltoid, pectorals, latissimus dorsi, triceps, biceps, rotator cuff

76
Q

What are the muscles at the elbow joint

A

Bicep and tricep

77
Q

What are the muscles at the hip joint

A

Gluteals and hip flexors

78
Q

What are the muscles at the knee joint

A

Quadriceps group and hamstring group

79
Q

What are the muscles at the ankle joint

A

Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius

80
Q

What is the function of the deltoid

A

Abduction of the shoulder e.g. outward arm action in jumping jack.

81
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuffs

A

A group of stabilising muscles of the shoulder which helps to prevent dislocation and allows the shoulder to rotate the humerus around its own axis e.g. a throwing action such as a javelin throw

82
Q

What is the function of the pectorals

A

Abduction of the shoulder; shoulder horizontal flexion e.g. Upward phase of a press up

83
Q

What is the function of the intercostals

A

Assist with the breathing process e.g. All sporting activities but particularly endurance events.

84
Q

What is the function of the biceps

A

Flexion at the elbow e.g. Drawing a bow in archery.

85
Q

What is the function of the triceps

A

Extension at the elbow e.g. shooting in netball (be more specific on what part of the shot)

86
Q

What is the function of the abdominals

A

Flex the trunk across the stomach e.g. Performing a sit up.

87
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi

A

Shoulder adduction; shoulder horizontal extension e.g. butterfly stroke in swimming

88
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps

A

Extension at the knee e.g. kicking a ball (more specific on what motion of kicking the ball)

89
Q

What is the function of the hamstrings

A

Flexion at the knee e.g. Performing a hamstring and a weights machine.

90
Q

What is the function of the gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle e.g. Standing on tiptoe to mark a goal shot in netball.

91
Q

What is the function of the tibialis anterior

A

Dorsi flexion of the ankle e.g. foot making contact with a football.

92
Q

Describe antagonistic pairs

A

One muscle will contract while the other muscle relaxes

93
Q

Define the agonist (prime mover)

A

The muscle that contracts

94
Q

Define the antagonist

A

The muscle that relaxes

95
Q

What are 4 examples of antagonistic pairs

A
  • biceps and triceps at the elbow to perform flexion and extension
  • Hip flexors and gluteal acting at the hip to create flexion and extension
  • Hamstring group and quadriceps at the knee for flexion and extension
  • Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius at the ankle for plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
96
Q

Define isotonic contraction

A

Muscle changes length under tension

97
Q

Define isometric contraction

A

Muscle stays the same length under tension

PE (10 decks)

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