Cardio Pulm Flashcards
Atrial Systole
contraction of R and L atria pushing blood into the ventricles
Atrial diastole
period between atrial contractions when atria are repoloraizing
Ventricular systole
contraction of the ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta
Ventricular diastole
period between ventricular contractions with ventricles are repolarizing
Preload
tension in the wall of the ventricles at the end of diastole. it reflects the venous filling pressure that fill left ventricle during diastole
Afterload
the forces that impede to flow of blood out of the heart (pressure in peripheral vascular system, compliance of the aorta, mass and viscosity of blood)
Stoke volume
amt of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle (60-80ml normal)
Cardiac output
amt of blood pumped from R or L ventricle per minute. CO =SV *HR
Normal male=4.5-5 L/min
up to 25L/min during exercise
Neutrophils
fight against infectionby ingesting bacteria and debris
Lymphocytes (3 types)
T and natural killer: protect against viral infection
B lymphocytes: develop into cells that protect against antibodies
Monocytes
ingest dead of damaged cells and help defend against infection organisms
Eosinophils
kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, involved in allergic response
Basophils
participate in allergic response
Polycythemia
too many RBC leading to thick blood and increasing risk of stroke and MI
Anemia
low RBC count»_space;> fatigue and weakness
Thrombocytopenia
low platelets» inc risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding
Throbocythemia
increases risk os thrombus»> inc risk of MI and stroke
Leukopenia
Low WBC increases risk of infection
Leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count likely indicating infection of leukemia
muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals,
Muscles of exhalation
with forceful breating: int/ext oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus,
Anatomic dead space (VD)
The volume of air that occupies to non-respiratory airways
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV)
max vol of air that can be exhaled after normal tidal volume: apporx 15% of total lung volume
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
max volume of air exhaled in specific amt of time, usually 1st, 2nd, and 3rd second of a forced vital capacity maneuver
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
volume of air expired during forced maximal expiration after a forced maximal inhalation
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation. FRC=ERV+RV. Approx 40% of lung volume
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
max vol of air that can be inspired after normal tidal exhalation. (60% of lung volume)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
max volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration
Minute volume ventilation (VE)
volume of air expired in 1 min. VE=TV x respiratory rate
peak expiratory flow (PEF)
max flow of air during the beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver
Residual volume (RV)
volume of gas remaining in lung after max expiration. 25% of lung volume
Tidal volume (TV)
total volume of inspired and expired with each breath during quiet breathing. approx. 10% of total lung volume
Total Lung capacity (TLC)
total volume of air in lungs after a maximal inspiration.
Vital capacity (VC)
total volume change between max inspiration and max expiration (75% of total lung volume)
Normal BP
<120/80
Prehypertension
120-139/80-89
Stage 1 hypertension
140-159/90-99
Stage 2 hypertension
> 160/<100
hematocrit
males: 38.8-46.5%
Females: 35.4-44.4%
hemoglobin
Males: 13.3-16.2 gm/dl
Females: 12.0-15.8 gm/dl
Total cholesterol
240 =high
LDL cholesterol
190 very high
HDL cholesterol
60high
Triglyceride
500 very high
Auscultation of heart sounds
aortic area: 2nd intercostal space at R sternal border
Pulmonic Area: 2nd intercostal space at left sternal border
Mitral area: 5th intercostal spacemedial to the left midclavicular line
tricuspid area: 4th intercostal space at left sternal border.
Crackles (rales)
discontinuous high pitched popping sound head usually during inspiration. may be associated with restricted or obstructive disorders. Represents the movement of fluid or secretions during inspiration
Pleural Friction Rub
Dry crackling sound heard during both inspiration and expiration. Occurs when inflamed viscera and parietal pleura rub together.
Rhonchi
continuous low pitched sound (snoring/gurgling). caused by air passing through an airway which is obstructed by secretions or liquid
Stridor
high pitched wheeze with inspiration or expiration. indicates airway obstruction(think Peds)
Wheeze
musical or whistling sound. heard during inspiration and expiration. arise from turbulent airflow
BMI
40 extreme obesity
Postural Drainage: Apical segments
pt sitting leaning back 30-40 degrees
percuss above clavicles
Postural Drainage: Posterio segment, R upper lobe
pt is turned 1/4 from proneon the left side. bed horizontal. percuss on medial border of R scapula
Postural Drainage: posterior segment L upper lobe
pt turned 1/4 from prone on R side. HOB 45deg. percuss medial border of L scapula
Postural Drainage: Lingula left upper lobe
pt turned 1/4 from supine on the R side with foot of bed elevated 12 inches. percuss left chest between axilla and left nipple
Postural Drainage: anterior segments R and L upper lobes
pt is supine, bed horiz, percuss below clavicles
Postural Drainage: Right middle lobe
pt is turned 1/4 from supine on left side, foot of bed elev 12 in, percuss between R axilla and nipple
Postural Drainage: Superior segments left and R lower lobes
pt prone, bed horiz, percuss below inferior border of the left and R scapula
Postural Drainage: anterior basal segments left and R lower lobes
pt supine with foot of bed 18in elev, percuss over lower ribson L and R side
Postural Drainage: posterior basal segments L and R lower lobes
pt is prone, foot of bed elev 18in, percuss over lower ribs on L and R side
Postural Drainage: Lateral Basal segments lower lobes
pt in sidelying with foot of bed elev 18in, percuss over lower ribs,
