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HUBS192 > Cardio Physiology 7-9 > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of pressure is in the arteries?

A

Pulsatile pressure

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2
Q

This is a critically important determinant of blood flow.

A

Mean arterial blood pressure

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3
Q

High pressure in systemic arteries are due to? (2 things)

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

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4
Q

How does ejection of blood maintain blood flow?

A

The balance between blood flow in and out determines blood flow.

Blood flow in - arteries are occupied = arterial pressure increases = arterial blood volume increases

Blood flow out - arteries are being emptied = arterial pressure is decreasing = arterial blood volume is decreasing as well

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5
Q

What is the nature of the blood pressure of veins and why?

A

Veins have a very low pressure, and it has a low pressure so that it can get pumped back to the right atrium.

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6
Q

What creates a driving force for blood flow?

A

The difference in pressure between the artery and veins (artery = high pressure, veins = low pressure)

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7
Q

This describes how blood flows in a single vessel.

A

Haemodynamics

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8
Q

What is the equation for blood flow? Explain.

A

Blood flow = Change in pressure over Resistance

Blood flow is dependent on changes in pressure, and inversely proportional to changes in resistance (eg: when blood flow increases - resistance decreases because that means blood vessel diameter is increasing)

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9
Q

What are the 2 determinants of blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output and arterial resistance/TPR

just think of equation

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10
Q

What are the 2 determinants of cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume and heartrate

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11
Q

This is the volume of blood released in each heartbeat. (which also refers to the strength of the contraction, because the stronger the contraction, the higher the volume)

A

Stroke volume

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12
Q

________ is variable due to changes in heart rate and/or stroke volume.

A

Cardiac output

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13
Q

Where is the mean arterial blood pressure coordinated in the brain?

A

The medulla oblongata/brainstem

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14
Q

Where are the 2 locations where we would usually find baroreceptors in the heart?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

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15
Q

This activates the parasympathetic inputs in the SA and AV node to decrease blood pressure when it’s increased,

A

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic = rest and digest)

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16
Q

These increase the heart rate and force of contraction to increase blood pressure.

A

Sympathetic nerves

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17
Q

What afferent signal do baroreceptors send to the brain?

A

Changes in blood pressure (because baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure)

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18
Q

How does signaling through the vagus nerve affect the heart?

A

The heart will relax. Slows heart rate.

Cardiac output and stroke volume would decrease therefore blood pressure would decrease.

The cardiomyocytes would relax because more Ca2+ being pumped back into SR

19
Q

How does signaling through the sympathetic trunk ganglion affect the heart?

A

The heart will be active. Speeds up heart rate.

Cardiac output and stroke volume will increase so blood pressure will also increase.

There will be more contractions because of the pressure so more Ca2+ would be released from SR

20
Q

Cardiac blood is distributed to:

A

all organs

21
Q

The branching of the arterial network within the systemic circulation establishes what kind of flow?

A

Regional flow - so flow is divided among regional circulations

22
Q

What is the distribution of cardiac output to organs during exercise?

A

Increased blood flow to muscle, skin and heart

Decreased blood flow to GI tract and kidneys

Constant blood flow to brain

23
Q

This circulation has an increased cardiac output, constant mean arterial pressure, and decreased total peripheral resistance during exercise.

A

Systemic circulation

24
Q

These are the resistance vessels of the vascular system. They are lined with smooth muscle and determine blood pressure.

A

Arterioles

25
Q

Blood flow to an organ or region is controlled by adjusting the ___________ and _____.

A

arteriolar tone and radius (resistance)

The bigger the radius, the larger the blood flow (because less resistance)
The smaller the radius, the smaller the blood flow (because more resistance)

26
Q

What is the rule of 16?

A

R (resistance) = 1/r^4

Small changes to the lumen of the arteriole will decrease or increase the blood flow/resistance by a factor of 16

27
Q

Fine vascular control depends on:

A

High arterial pressure

  • high pressure means better control of flow/vascular flow
28
Q

Most blood is found where?

A

Systemic veins

29
Q

What kind of system allows for blood to be redistributed depending on the needs of the body?

A

Parallel redistribution system

  • basically what amount goes in is the same amount that will go out. So keeps volume of blood in those organs constant.
30
Q

This is the extent to which a vessel allows deformation in response to an applied force.

A

Compliance

31
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

Compliance = change in volume / change in pressure

32
Q

This is a neurologically induced contraction of the smooth muscle in veins to push blood onto arteries that have been punctured to ensure blood pressure keeps going.

A

Venoconstriction

33
Q

In the upright position, venous volume below the heart _________ and venous volume above the heart _________.

A

increases; decreases

34
Q

These counteract venous pooling and allow a more even distribution of weight in the veins.

A

Venous valves

35
Q

This acts to stiffen veins, and makes them less compliant and prone to pooling.

A

Muscle tone

  • so a low muscle tone = less blood flow to certain areas of the body and excessive amounts in some = usually leads to fainting
36
Q

What increases venous return to the heart when you’re standing upright?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions. Basically just engaging your muscles more helps the veins to pump the blood back into the heart

37
Q

This states that the more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be.

A

Starling’s Law of the Heart

38
Q

Increased venous return means increased:

A

stroke volume (heart beats stronger because the muscles are engaged before the contraction, so the contraction of the heart will be stronger)

39
Q

These are thin-walled vessels that have high compliance compared to arteries.

A

Veins

40
Q

What are the mechanisms that counter venous pooling in the legs? (2)

A

Venous valves and changing the muscle tone of the legs

41
Q

This tells us that the more the walls of the heart contract before contraction, the stronger the contraction and greater stroke volume we’ll have.

A

Starling’s Law of the Heart

42
Q

What generates pressure for the systemic circulation?

A

Left ventricle

43
Q
A

HUBS192 (29 decks)

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