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FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY > Cardio 7 > Flashcards

Cardio 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number one cause of death for men and women?

A

Heart disease (8750 women per year)

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2
Q

How much is the onset of heart disease delayed in women and why?

A

~10 years - protected from heart disease pre-menopuase

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3
Q

What kind of women are more likely to have heart disease?

A

Diabetics

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4
Q

What is different about the costs and hospital stays for heart disease between men and women?

A

Women stay in hospital for longer but are less likely to have heart procedures and 20% more money is spent on men in hospital

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5
Q

What is PDE5 inhibitor efficacy dependent on and how does this affect treatment for women with heart disease?

A

It is oestrogen dependent so the women who are post-menopausal may not be receptive to the treatment (not good because this is the group of women who are most likely to develop heart disease)

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6
Q

What converts testosterone to oestrogen?

A

Aromatase

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7
Q

How do the levels of estradiol and testosterone change in males?

A

Estradiol increases gradually in males and stays stable through adulthood, testosterone increases in puberty and then stays at a high level and slowly reduces in late adulthood

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8
Q

How do the levels of estradiol and testosterone change in females?

A

In females estradiol increases from puberty to around 50 (menopause) and then drops to low levels, testosterone increases in puberty, but drops off later in life

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9
Q

What are the oestrogen receptors?

A

ER alpha, ER beta, GPER

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10
Q

What is the androgen receptor?

A

AR

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11
Q

What is the pathway for testosterone action?

A

Testosterone – AR – MAPK – phosphorylation of downstream targets – protein synthesis – hypertrophic growth – genomic effects

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12
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on cardiomyocyte shortening?

A

Extent of shortening is less in females than males. The influence of oestrogen is to reduce the extent of contraction - due to smaller calcium transients. Calcium transient downregulated in the presence of oestrogen

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13
Q

What are men and women most likely to die of due to ischemia?

A

Men more likely to die of sudden cardiac death and pre menopausal women more likely to have subsequent heart failure

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14
Q

What is the downside of reperfusion in treating ischemia?

A

Reperfusion – calcium overload – contractile dysfunction (myocytes contract so hard that they rip open the sarcolemma and cell dies), fatal arrhythmias (erratic electrical activity and excitation), cardiomyocyte death

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15
Q

What happens after 25 mins of ischemia?

A

Substantial but not complete injury

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16
Q

What happens if the heart is vulnerable to ischemic damage?

A

It won’t recover

17
Q

What happens if the heart is protected from ischemic damage?

A

It will recover well

18
Q

What gender has a greater proportion of cardiac function recovery?

A

Females

19
Q

What gender has reduced ventricular arrhythmias and necrotic activity?

A

Females

20
Q

What happens to females after an ovariectomy?

A

Loss of ischemic cardioprotection

21
Q

What are the features of the langendorff perfused heart?

A

Retrograde flow - drainage into coronary vessels

22
Q

What is the amount of oestrogen dependent on?

A

Amount of testosterone

23
Q

What does bone production of oestrogen protect against?

A

Osteoperosis in males

24
Q

What cardiac region produces oestrogen?

A

Ventricle and pericardial fat

25
Q

What is the expression of aromatase dependent on?

A

Age, sex, disease state of heart

26
Q

What happens to the level of aromatase in the ventricle (age and sex)?

A

Greater in females and greater with age

27
Q

What happened when aromatase was increased in males and reduced in females?

A

Males - reduced recovery

Females - increased recovery

28
Q

What is important to maximise potential for recovery?

A

Crucial to get the right balance of testosterone and oestrogen to maximise potential for recovery

29
Q

What structure is estradiol important for?

A

Prostate

30
Q

What are the pathways in ECC?

A
  • Calcium in L type channels
  • Calcium out via ATP
  • 1 Calcium out 3 Na in
  • 3Na out 2 K in
  • H out Na in
31
Q

Why do females have less contraction in myocytes?

A

Oestrogen reduces contraction by reducing calcium transients and inhibiting myocyte handling

32
Q

What % of Australians have heart failure and what % have CVD?

A

1.3%

17%

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (18 decks)

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