Cardio 1

Question 1

What is low birth weight?

Answer 1

less than 2500g (2%)

Question 2

What SD constitutes small for gestational age?

Answer 2

> 2SD below population mean (10%)

Question 3

What is low birth weight caused by in western societies?

Answer 3

Uteroplacental insufficiency

Question 4

What is low birth weight caused by in third world societies?

Answer 4

Maternal undernutrition

Question 5

What is the common feature of babies born small?

Answer 5

Insufficient nutrient delivery across the placenta

Question 6

What disease do babies born small have an increased risk of?

Answer 6

Diabetes, obesity, osteoperosis, CVD, hypertension, renal disease

Question 7

What percentage of babies born small have accelerated growth in the first 6 months and what is the effect of this?

Answer 7

90% - good if they are catching up but excessive growth increases risk for disease (early is protective, late is detrimental)

Question 8

What is fetal programming?

Answer 8

Babies born small have an increased risk of developing adult disease

Question 9

What happens to the mothers milk when the baby is born small?

Answer 9

Reduced nutritional quality - mothers milk matches babies size

Question 10

What happens to restricted males?

Answer 10

Low nephron number (decreased by 30% at 6m), glomerular hypertrophy, normal glomerular volume, increased BP (9 weeks), reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis

Question 11

What happens to restricted females?

Answer 11

Low nephron number but no increase in BP, glomerular hypertrophy at 18 months, increased plasma creatinine (renal insufficiency at 18 months)

Question 12

What happens to the born small phenotype with age?

Answer 12

Worsens

Question 13

What happens to the born small phenotype with exercise?

Answer 13

Endurance exercise prevents beta cell deficit and metabolic dysfunction

Question 14

What did cross fostering do for the born small phenotype?

Answer 14

Improved phenotype and nutrition

Question 15

What is the greatest physiological challenge facing females?

Answer 15

Pregnancy

Question 16

What happens to girls born small who get pregnant?

Answer 16

Display glucose intolerance - glomerular hypertrophy and reduced kidney function

Question 17

What is associated with maternal stress?

Answer 17

Reduced fetal growth and placental weight

Question 18

What was present in the baby of a mother born small?

Answer 18

Nephron number low (15-22%) in boys and girls at E20, but restored by PN35 - late nephrogenesis

Question 19

What percentage of Australian pregnant women are obese?

Answer 19

34%

Question 20

What prevents gestational diabetes?

Answer 20

Endurance exercise before and during pregnancy

Question 21

If a father born small mates with a normal female what is present in male offspring?

Answer 21

Glucose intolerance, decreased 1st phase insulin secretion and increased heart wall thickness

Question 22

How does small birth weight affect mortality?

Answer 22

2-3 x increased

Question 23

What do restricted males and females both have?

Answer 23

Bone deficits, decreased beta cell mass (68%), vascular dysfunction (boys mesenteric, girls uterine)

Question 24

What happens to the babies of girls born small if they have a stressful pregnancy?

Answer 24

Small babies with pancreatic and nephron deficits