Cardio 2

Question 1

What BMI constitutes obesity?

Answer 1

> 30

Question 2

What type of inflammatory condition is obesity?

Answer 2

Low grade

Question 3

What are adipocytes?

Answer 3

Cells that make up adipose tissue

Question 4

What do adipocytes secrete?

Answer 4

Cytokines, chemokines and hormone like factors

Question 5

What does increased caloric intake result in?

Answer 5

Adipocyte hyperplasia

Question 6

What happens to the hyperplasia response with age?

Answer 6

Blunted - adipocyte hypertrophy

Question 7

What happens to adipocytes in advanced obesity?

Answer 7

Necrosis/apoptosis - inflammation and dysfunction

Question 8

What are adipokines?

Answer 8

Pro and antinflammatory adipose derived cytokines

Question 9

What are the roles of adipokines?

Answer 9

Food intake, energy homeostasis, angiogenesis

Question 10

What are adipokines associated with?

Answer 10

Development of obesity related illnesses

Question 11

What is leptin?

Answer 11

Pro inflammatory adipokine (16kDa)

Question 12

What is the role of leptin?

Answer 12

Maintain hunger and satiety

Question 13

What is the relationship of obesity and leptin?

Answer 13

Obesity is a leptin resistant/sensitive state and plasma leptin levels are high in obesity (5 fold increase)

Question 14

When does leptin increase?

Answer 14

After myocardial infarction and heart failure

Question 15

What does leptin do in obesity?

Answer 15

Activate sympathetic nervous system and increase adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 16

What does acute leptin exposure cause?

Answer 16

Increased NO, decreased renal sodium transporter expression

Question 17

What does chronic leptin exposure cause?

Answer 17

Sodium retention, NO deficiency, renal oxidative stress, increase sodium transported expression

Question 18

What is TNF-alpha?

Answer 18

Proinflammatory adipokine

Question 19

What produced TNF-alpha?

Answer 19

Monocytes and macropahges

Question 20

What does weight loss do to TNF-alpha levels?

Answer 20

Reduced

Question 21

What does TNF-alpha inhibit?

Answer 21

Activation of the insulin receptor in muscle and adipose tissue

Question 22

When do TNF-alpha levels increase?

Answer 22

Heart failure, acute and chronic ischemic injuries

Question 23

What produces adiponectin?

Answer 23

Adipocytes

Question 24

What happens to adiponectin in obesity and why?

Answer 24

Reduced - inhibited by pro inflammatory cytokines

Question 25

What is adiponectin a predictor of?

Answer 25

Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 26

What cells does adiponectin protect?

Answer 26

Cardiovascular cell types

Question 27

What does adiponectin overexpression cause?

Answer 27

Inhibition of atherosclerotic lesion formation

Question 28

What does a deficiency in adiponectin cause?

Answer 28

Augmentation of atherosclerosis

Question 29

When is obesity treatment successful?

Answer 29

If you lose 10% of initial body weight and don't regain more than 3kg in 2 years

Question 30

What does leptin inhibit?

Answer 30

Neuropeptide Y (responsible for increasing food intake)

Question 31

What happens when leptin crosses the blood brain barrier?

Answer 31

Binds to POMC neurons and decreases hunger

Question 32

What does TNF-alpha lead to increased gene expression of?

Answer 32

Proinflammatory, procoagulant and proliferative proteins - leading to atherosclerosis

Question 33

What does adiponectin impair?

Answer 33

Angiogenesis and insulin resistance

Question 34

Which gender is more likely to keep weight off in obesity and severe obesity?

Answer 34

Women more likely to keep weight off in obesity and men more likely to keep weight off in severe obesity