Cardiac Valve Disease Flashcards

1
Q

There is a tapping apex beat in ___1___

There is a displaced and diffuse apex beat in ___2_____ There is a heaving and possibly displaced apex beat in ____3____

A

1 mitral stenosis
2 left ventricular dilatation
3 left ventricular hypertrophy

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2
Q

A left parasternal heave suggests

A

Right ventricular overload due to cor pulmonale or pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension can be caused by mitral regurgitation

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3
Q

A cardiac murmur is…

A

Audible turbulence of blood flow

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4
Q

Systolic murmurs

A

Aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation

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5
Q

Diastolic murmurs

A

Aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis

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6
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus murmur

A

continuous machinery noise

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7
Q

Diastolic murmurs are always ___1____

Innocent murmurs are soft and in ___2__ usually best heard in ___3____ area, innocent murmurs do not __4___

A

1 pathological
2 systole
3 pulmonary
4 radiate

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8
Q

3 common causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Degenerative (age related)- the valve becomes calcified
Congenital bicuspid valve that degenerates quicker
Rheumatic heart disease- fairly uncommon now

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9
Q

Symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A

chest pain and syncope particularly on exertion

breathlessness

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10
Q

Describe aortic stenosis murmur

A

Ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotids.

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11
Q

Mechanical valves tend to be offered to ____1____ as these require ___2____

Tissue valves tend to be offered to ___3___ as these _____4___

A

1 younger patients
2 lifelong warfarin
3 elderly patients
4 don’t require lifelong warfarin

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12
Q

aortic stenosis egg may show

A

LVH

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13
Q

Mitral regurgitation can occur due to abnormalities in (5)

A
valve leaflets
the annulus
chord tendinae
papillary muscles
left ventricle
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14
Q

Most common causes of mitral regurgitation are

A

degenerative disease (myxomatous)
papillary muscle rupture due to ischaemia
rheumatic heart disease
endocarditis

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15
Q

symptoms of mitral regurgitation

A

palpitations
dyspnoea and orthopnoea
fatigue and lethargy

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16
Q

In mitral regurgitation the apex beat will be

A

displaced

17
Q

In mitral regurgitation the CXR will show, the ECG will show

A

cardiomegaly

LVH

18
Q

Murmur of mitral regurgitation is

A

pansystolic murmur that may radiate to the axilla

19
Q

Left sided murmurs are best heard in ?

Right sided murmurs are best heard in?

A

expiration

inspiration

20
Q

Most common cause of mitral stenosis _____ this is secondary to _____
very rarely caused by _____

A

rheumatic fever secondary to infection with Group A Streptococcus
congenital heart disease

21
Q

Presentation of mitral stenosis

A

Breathlessness
Palpitations
Malar flush

22
Q

In mitral stenosis there may be a ____ apex beat

A

tapping

23
Q

murmur of mitral stenosis

A

rumbling mid-diastolic murmur localised to the apex

24
Q

Mitral stenosis may cause _____ due to enlargement of ______

A

AF

left atrium

25
Q

On CXR for mitral stenosis

A

Straight left heart border due enlargement of the left atrium

26
Q

Causes of Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Leaflet damage due to endocarditis

Annulus damage due to Marfans or aortic dissection

27
Q

Collapsing pulse with a wide pulse pressure is a sign of

A

aortic regurgitation

28
Q

Wide pulse pressure and displaced apex is a sign of

A

aortic regurgitation

29
Q

murmur for aortic regurgitation

A

early diastolic murmur best heard on the left sternal edge with the patient leaning forwards on expiration

30
Q

What type of pulse do you get in aortic stenosis? Why?

A

Low volume pulse that is slow rising as ejection is prolonged

31
Q

When will you feel symptoms of Aortic regurgitation? Why does this happen?

A

Tend not to feel symptoms until you get left ventricular failure, you get reduced coronary perfusion due to reflux through valve during diastole

32
Q

In cardio exam when you sit patient up and hold stethoscope to left sternal edge and listen on expiration what you are listening for?

A

Aortic Regurgitation

33
Q

When you turn patient to left and listen to apex what are you listening for?

A

Mitral stenosis

34
Q

All common murmurs as on the left side will be best hear on

A

expiration