Anatomy Flashcards
Phrenic nerve descends on the surface of the ______1_____, ____2____ to the root of the lung.
1 pericardium
2 anterior
Haemopericardium is…
If this puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from contracting it is…
Blood in the pericardial space
Cardiac tamponade
Pericardiocentesis is…
Needle aspiration of the pericardial cavity to remove excess fluid or blood within the space.
Where do you insert the needle for pericardiocentesis?
Insert needle in infrasternal angle, needle advanced superiorly and posteriorly
What is the transverse pericardial sinus and where does it lie?
A space within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperioly. It lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Base= Inferior= Right lateral border= Left lateral border= Inferior border= Superior border=
• Base =posterior surface. Inferior=diaphragmatic surface. • Right lateral border=right atrium • Left lateral border= left ventricle • Inferior border=right ventricle • Superior border= where all the great vessels emerge
Venous return from the head and neck is?
Internal jugular vein
Venous return from the upper limb is?
Subclavian vein
Joining of what two veins makes the brachiocephalic vein?
Internal jugular vein and subclavian
The two brachiocephalic veins join to make the…
Superior vena cava
The pulmonary trunk divides into…
The left and right pulmonary artery
What is the first branch of the aorta?
The coronary arteries
What part of the aorta do coronary arteries arise from?
The ascending aorta
Branches of the arch of the aorta
brachiocephalic trunk is first branch
Left common carotid and left subclavian are others.
What does the coronary sinus separate?
The base and the diaphragmatic/ inferior surface of the heart
What does the azygous vein drain and where does it drain into?
The intercostal spaces and it then drains into the superior vena cava.
What are auricles?
These are on the surface of the heart and are extensions of the atria, when the atria fill with blood so do these allowing expansion of the atria.
How is the two sides of the heart coronary supply joined?
Anastamoses of the circumflex and the posterior inter ventricular artery
What is the oval fossa?
Small depression in the wall of the right atria
Explain the leaflet design of heart valves
Design on tricuspid and mitral
Valve leaflets attach to tendinous cords attach to papillary muscles. If you didn’t have this you would get prolapse into the atrium.
What valves are semilunar design?
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
What is the moderator band?
Carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp. To ensure the three cusps all close at the same time. Allows action potential to reach anterior cusp earlier than it would if wasn’t there allowing it to shut at same time.
Smooth wall and muscular wall differentiation in right atria?
crista terminalis.
Openings in the right atria?
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Where do sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres for the heart meet?
Cardiac plexus
Somatic pain is…
sharp and well localised
Visceral pain is…
typically dull, aching, nauseating and poorly localised
Visceral afferents enter sympathetic trunks and spinal cords from the heart at …
cervical ganglia and T1-5 spinal nerves
Why is cardiac pain felt in the neck and upper thoracic regions
visceral afferents take root from the heart via the neck and upper thoracic regions so pain is felt here due to lack of precision of the root
radiating pain is…
felt at the site of pathology and radiating from there
If radiating pain is from the heart the radiation is …
to the dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord levels at which the cardiac visceral afferents enter the sympathetic chain/ spinally cord i.e. bilaterally to cervical and upper thoracic dermatomes
Referred pain is…
when sensation is only felt at a site remote from the injury/ disease
1 - Pulmonary valve has
2- aortic valve has
3- mitral valve has
4- tricuspid valve has
1- anterior right & left cusps
2- right, left & posterior cusps and sinuses (spaces within cusps)
3- anterior & posterior cusps
4- has anterior, posterior & septal cusps
The inferior aspect of the mediastinum is determined by the…
Diaphragm
Describe the anterior mediastinum
Between the sternum and just in front of the pericardial sac. In the adult this is filled with fat. Prior to puberty there is a thymus gland that produces T lymphocytes but this regresses and turns into fat.
Describe the middle mediastinum
Contains the heart and the first part of the great vessels, as well as the pericardial sac, only the ascending part of aorta located in the middle mediastinum.
The arch of the aorta is in the ___1___ mediastinum and the descending is in the ___2____ mediastinum
1 superior
2 posterior
Pain from the diaphragm is shared with pain from the…
Shoulder tip
Except for the right superior quadrant of the body lymph ultimately drains into the ____1_____ via the ____2____
The right superior quadrant drains into the ____3_____ usually via a ____4_____
1 left venous angle
2 the thoracic duct
3 right venous angle
4 right lymphatic duct
The phrenic nerve is formed from ________________1_______________________
It provides somatic motor to the ____2____
It provides somatic sensory to four areas which are ____3_____
1) combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3, 4 & 5
2) diaphragm
3) mediastinal parietal pleura
fibrous pericardium
diaphragmatic parietal pleura
diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve ___1___
It contains somatic sensory nerves for ________2________
It contains somatic motor nerves for the
__________3_____________
It contains autonomic parasympathetic nerves for the _________4___________
1) X
2) the palate, laryngopharynx & larynx
3) pharynx and larynx
4) thoracic and abdominal organs
Recurrent laryngeal nerves are…
Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx
Once the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branches they contain only _________
Parasympathetic fibres
The cephalic vein is the…
Superficial vein in the arm
Superficial vein of the leg is…
The great saphenous vein
Inferior epigastric artery supplies…
anterior part of the abdominal wall and some of the diaphragm
Blood supply to the abdominal organs is mainly provided by…
coeliac trunk, superior & inferior mesenteric arteries
The right phrenic nerve passes through….
the diaphragm with the IVC to supply the diaphragm from the inferior aspect
The left phrenic nerve pierces through…
the left dome of the diaphragm to supply it from the inferior aspect
5 Branches for thoracic aorta anterior surface?
1) bronchial arteries (arterial blood for the lung tissue)
2) oesophageal arteries
3) mediastinal arteries
4) pericardial arteries
5) phrenic arteries (for the diaphragm)
What muscle separates the subclavian artery and vein?
Scalenus anterior
What vein drains the right side of intercostal spaces, what vein drains the left size
Azygous on the right arches round the lung root and hem-azygous on the left
Describe arterial supply to the intercostal spaces
Posterior intercostal arteries arise from thoracic aorta.
Anterior intercostal arteries come from internal thoracic arteries which come from subclavian artery.
What marks the division of the superior and inferior mediastinum?
The sternal angle
What takes up most of the heart base (posterior surface)
The left atrium
