Cardiac System.

Question 1

Label the Pathway of Blood.

Answer 1

1. Vena Cava.
2. RIght Atrium.
3. Tricuspid Valve.
4. Right Ventricle.
5. Semi Lunar Valve.
6. Pulmonary Artery.
7. Lungs.
8. Pulmonary Vein.
9. Left Atrium.
10. Bicuspid Valve.
11. Left Ventricle.
12. Semi Lunar Valve.
13. Aorta.

Question 2

Label the Cardiac Conduction System.

Answer 2

1. Sinotrial [SA] Node.
2. Atrioventricular [AV] Node.
3. Bundle of His.
4. Bundle Branches.
5. Purkinje Fibres.

Question 3

Describe how the Cardiac Conduction System causes the Heart to Contract.

Answer 3

The CCS sends electrical signals that make the heart contract.
The signals start at the SA node travel through the Atria and reach the AV node. The signal passes through bundle branches and Purkinje Fibres which cause the ventricles to contract.

Question 4

Whys is there a delay at the AV Node?

Answer 4

The 0.1 second delay allows the Atria to finish contracting and the blood to have moved down.

Question 5

What is the role of Chemoreceptors?

Answer 5

Detect increased acidity levels and chemical changes caused by CO2 and removes carbon dioxide.

Question 6

Where are Chemoreceptors located?

Answer 6

Located in the Aortic Arch and Cartoid Arteries.

Question 7

What is the response to detected increases in acidity levels?

Answer 7

A sympathetic response.
An increase in Heart Rate.

Question 8

What is the role of Proprioceptors?

Answer 8

Detects movements in joints and muscles and provides oxygen.

Question 9

Where are Proprioceptors located?

Answer 9

Located in Muscles and Joints.

Question 10

What is the response to detected movement?

Answer 10

A sympathetic response.
An increase in Heart Rate.

Question 11

What is the role of Baroreceptors?

Answer 11

They detect increases in blood pressure.

Question 12

Where are Baroreceptors located?

Answer 12

Located in the Aortic Arch and Cartoid Arteries.

Question 13

What is the response to detected increases in blood pressure?

Answer 13

A parasympathetic response.
A decrease in Heart Rate.

Question 14

Define Sympathetic Response.

Answer 14

Increase.

Question 15

Define Parasympathetic Response.

Answer 15

Slow it down.
Decrease.

Question 16

Are neural responses proportional?

Answer 16

Yes.

Question 17

What is the response to Exercise Intensity?

Answer 17

The more CO2, movement, and blood [pressure that is detected, the greater the response will be.

Question 18

Where is Adrenaline released from?

Answer 18

The sympathetic nerves and the Adrenal gland.

Question 19

Where is the Adrenal Gland?

Answer 19

Located at the top of the kidney.

Question 20

Define Antisipatory Rise.

Answer 20

Before the start of exercise your heart rate will rise sligtly.
Your body ‘knows’ it is about to exercise, so it releases adrenaline.

Question 21

Define Myogenic.

Answer 21

The ability to generate it’s own electrical impulse.

Question 22

Define Systole.

Answer 22

The heart contracts.

Question 23

Define Diastole.

Answer 23

The heart relaxes.

Question 24

Explain Starling’s Law.

Answer 24

Starling’s Law describes the between the volume of blood that fills the heart during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole.
This allows the heart to adapt to changes in blood volume and pump out an appropriate amount of blood to meet the body’s needs.

Question 25

Define Ejection Fraction.

Answer 25

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat, in relation to how much was actually there.

Question 26

What is the calculation for Ejection Fraction?

Answer 26

The total amount of blood in the Ventricle.

Question 27

Define Heart Rate.

Answer 27

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

Question 28

Define Stroke Volume.

Answer 28

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.

Question 29

Define Cardiac Output.

Answer 29

The volume of blood pumped out per minute.

Question 30

What is the calculation for Cardiac Output?

Answer 30

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output.

Question 31

Describe the Difference in Cardiac Output between a Trained and an Untrained person.

Answer 31

Trained Individuals have a higher Cardiac Output compared to Untrained Individuals.
This is because regular exercise and training can increase the size and strength of the heart, allowing it to pump a high volume of blood per beat.

Question 32

When does Cardiovascular drift happen?

Answer 32

Cardiovascular drift happens after 10-20 minutes of steady-state exercise.

Question 33

What is a Cardiovascular Drift?

Answer 33

Less filling of the heart.
Cardiac muscles stretch less.
The resulting force of contraction decreases.
Decreased stroke volume / Ejection fraction.

Question 34

Describe how Cardiovascular Drift may result in Lower Performance Levels.

Answer 34

Cardiovascular Drift happens during prolonged exercise.
During exercise for long periods of time, heart rate increases and stroke volume decreases. This can lead to a decrease in cardiac output and a lower delivery of oxygen to our muscles.