Cardiac Physiology Flashcards
avg stroke volume
70ml per beat
cardiac output
5L/min
3 factors that affect the stoke volume
preload
afterload
contractility
preload
directly affects stroke volume
degree of cardiac stretch at the end of diastole
blood volume at the end of diastole determines preload
afterload
pressure ventricles overcome to eject blood
left ventricle- pressure from systemic vascular system
right ventricle- pressure from the pulmonary vascular system
P wave
atrial contraction
QRS complex
ventricular contraction and atrial repolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization
one small box on ecg =
0.04 seconds
one large box on ecg =
0.20 seconds
CKMB
creatine kinase MB
used to measure degree of myocardial injury Males:
Troponin T and I
measures degree of myocardial damage
Prothrombin time and INR
A prothrombin time test can be used to check for bleeding problems. PT is also used to check whether medicine to prevent blood clots is working. A PT test may also be called an INR test.
PT= measures the amount of time taken for clot formation after reagent tissue thromboplastin is added to the sample.
INR= just a set standard rate
Partial thromblastin time (PTT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. It can help tell if you have a bleeding problem or if your blood does not clot properly.
PTT= How well the the coagulation sequence is functioning by measuring the amount of time it takes for clot formation after partial thromboplastin is added.
what kinds of medications can cause a low PTT time
Blood thinners, such as aspirin and heparin, that make it hard for the blood to clot
Antihistamines
Vitamin C
homocystenine
a protein created in metabolism, high levels of it can cause a heart attack bc it can not be broken back down
C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. It is one of a group of proteins called “acute phase reactants” that go up in response to inflammation.
brain natriuretic peptide
Secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).
LDL
Higher LDL levels put you at greater risk for a heart attack from a sudden blood clot that forms there.
“bad cholesterol”
HDL
Total Cholesterol Level Category HDL (Good) Cholesterol Level HDL Cholesterol Category Less than 40 mg/dL A major risk factor for heart disease 40—59 mg/dL The higher, the better Removes LDLS from the blood
Triglycerides
The results of this test are used of this test is to help estimate your LDL cholesterol. This test is also done to help determine your risk of developing heart disease. A high triglyceride level may lead to atherosclerosis, which increases your risk of heart attack and stroke.
telemetry
Cardiac telemetry is continuous monitoring of a patient’s heart rate and rhythm that takes place at a remote location, classically a nursing station in a special ward. This service is offered to patients recovering from heart events, those who may be at risk of heart events, and individuals experiencing ongoing heart problems. Some hospitals have specialized wards for cardiac telemetry, recognizing how common heart problems are, while others may offer it as part of an array of telemetry services or as part of the standard of care in intensive and critical care units.
holter monitor
A Holter monitor is a continuous tape recording of a patient’s EKG for 24 hours. Since it can be worn during the patient’s regular daily activities, it helps the physician correlate symptoms of dizziness, palpitations (a sensation of fast or irregular heart rhythm) or black outs.
TEE
A transesophageal echo (TEE) test is a type of echo test in which the ultrasound transducer, positioned on an endoscope, is guided down the patient’s throat into the esophagus (the “food pipe” leading from the mouth into the stomach). An endoscope is a long, thin, flexible instrument that is about ½ inch in diameter.
ECHO
An echocardiogram (echo) uses high-frequency sound waves to produce a graphic outline of the heart’s movement.
cardiac catheterization
Cardiac catheterization (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun) is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat some heart conditions. A long, thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck and threaded to your heart. allows for better view inside the heart
thallium stress test
A thallium stress test is a nuclear imaging test that shows how well blood flows into the heart while you’re exercising or at rest. This test is also called a cardiac or nuclear stress test.
muga scan
A MUGA scan (Multi Gated Acquisition Scan) is a time-proven nuclear medicine test designed to evaluate the function of the right and left ventricles of the heart, thus allowing informed diagnostic intervention in heart failure.
MRA
A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) is a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to provide pictures of blood vessels inside the body.
PET
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is a type of imaging test. It uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease in the body. A PET scan shows how organs and tissues are working.
CO equation
HR x SV
PT and INR tests correspond with what medication
coumadin
PTT and APPT tests correspond with what meciation
heparin
Persistant HTN
140/90
stage 1 htn
140-159/90-99
stage 2 htn
160-179/100-109
stage 3 htn
180/110
claudication
pain while walking
medications that cause secondary HTN
MOA inhibitors
NSAIDs
estrogens OC
steroids
complications of HTN
decreased perfusion
hyperplasia of arterioles
damage to vital organs
MI stroke PVD renal failure
DASH diet
eating healthy to lower BP
