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A&P II - Spring 2025 > Cardiac Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The right vagus nerve innervates the ______ node

A

SA

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation is widespread and covers more of the ___________ than the vagus nerves

A

ventricle muscle

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3
Q

The left vagus nerve innervates the ______ node

A

AV

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4
Q

Which impacts the HR most, the vagus nerves or the sympathetic nerves?

A

vagus

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5
Q

The innermost layer of the pericardium is the ________

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- stretchy and allows for heart movement

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6
Q

The outermost layer of the pericardium is the ________

A

fibrous pericardium
- rigid layer

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7
Q

What layer is between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer of the pericardium

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8
Q

What ions can move through gap junctions in the heart?

A

Sodium and calcium

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9
Q

How do the ventricles contract to squeeze the most efficiently?

A

Wringing out a towel - endocardial and epicardial fibers

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10
Q

Another term for cusps is _______

A

leaflets

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11
Q

Cusps of heart valves are attached to the inside of ventricles via connective tissue called _________

A

chordae tendineae

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12
Q

Chordae tendineae attach cusps to ventricle muscle via _______

A

papillary muscles

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13
Q

What is the purpose of papillary muscles when ventricles contract?

A

Papillary muscles contract with ventricles and reinforce AV valves to protect them from high-pressure ventricles

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14
Q

normal EF?

A

70 mL ejected from starting volume of 120 mL = 70/120

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15
Q

Which AV valve is tricuspid vs bicuspid?

A

L - bicuspid
R - tricuspid

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16
Q

What are the different cusps called in the AV valves?

A

Bicuspid - anterior and posterior
Tricuspid - anterior, septal, and posterior

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17
Q

How many cusps do the pulmonary and aortic valves have? What are they called?

A

3 each
- pulmonary valve: right, left, and anterior
- aortic valve: left, right, and posterior

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18
Q

Which cusps are the coronary arteries attached to?

A

R and L cusps of the aortic valve

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19
Q

When are the coronary arteries perfused?

A

diastole - BP in aorta high, aortic recoil

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20
Q

What structure separates the electrical activity of the atria from the ventricles?

A

cardiac cartilaginous rings - insulator

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21
Q

Where is the bundle of his located?

A

a small opening in the cartilaginous rings

22
Q

How is the bicuspid valve different from the other heart valves?

A

2 real cusps (bicuspid) and a “commissural cusp” which is part of the posterior cusp

23
Q

The left coronary artery splits into the _______ artery and the ______ artery

A

LAD and circumflex

24
Q

For most people, the PDA is fed by which coronary artery?

A

RCA - some people circumflex

25
Q

Where is the great cardiac vein located? What does it empty into?

A

Posterior inferior heart, coronary sinus

26
Q

What is the rate of coronary blood flow in a typical heart?

A

70 mL/min/100 grams muscle or 225 mL/min

27
Q

Does the heart have more coronary blood flow during diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

28
Q

What are the deep and superficial coronary blood vessels called?

A

Epicardial, endocardial, and subendocardial

29
Q

In general, the LCA supplies ______ pressure areas of the heart, while the RCA supplies ______ pressure areas of the heart

A

high, low

30
Q

When does coronary artery blood flow backward?

A

LCA flow back into the aorta during early systole
aortic pressure < LV pressure

31
Q

What is the pressure that drives coronary artery blood flow?

A

aortic pressure

32
Q

How is delta P calculated in coronary blood flow?

A

aortic pressure - wall (LV) pressure

33
Q

Besides delta P, what else impacts coronary blood flow?

A

time - filling/diastole

34
Q

If HR increases, which part of diastole would the healthy heart decrease? Why is this portion more important in unhealthy hearts?

A

middle 1/3 of diastole; needed for coronary artery blood flow in sick heart (decreases time with high wall pressures)

35
Q

How would spinal anesthesia affect CO?

A

Spinal anesthesia wipes out SANS activity
- more circulatory than heart problem
- decreased Psf -> decreased CO

36
Q

What are the 3 CVP/atrial waves?

A

A, C, and V

37
Q

What causes the C wave in CVP/atrial pressure?

A

AV valves bulging backward when ventricle contracts during early systole

38
Q

What causes the V wave in CVP/atrial pressure?

A

atrial filling while the AV valves are closed during late systole - blood returning from systemic circulation and filling the atria

39
Q

What causes the A wave in CVP/atrial pressure?

A

atrial contraction at the end of diastole

40
Q

What is the X descent in the CVP/atrial pressure graph?

A

after the c wave when the atria is empty and valves no longer bulging back (mid systole)

41
Q

What is the Y descent in the CVP/atrial pressure graph?

A

after the v wave, when AV valves open and rapid filling of ventricle occurs (early diastole)

42
Q

What is the normal range of pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

40-180 mmHg/L/min or cgs

43
Q

What is the normal range of systemic vascular resistance?

A

800-1600 mmHg/L/min or cgs

44
Q

What is the formula for SVR?

A

((MAP-CVP)/CO)*80

45
Q

What is the formula for PVR?

A

((MPAP-PAWP)/CO)*80

46
Q

What is a PRU? What is normal?

A

Peripheral resistance unit - 1

47
Q

How do you convert PRUs to cgs?

A

PRU*1333 = cgs

48
Q

What happens to CVP during inspiration? How would this affect CO?

A

decreases both
- negative pressure pulls on the walls of the veins, reducing preload

49
Q

What happens to the preload and afterload of the RV during inspiration?

A

reduced preload - blood pulled out of RA into vena cava
reduced afterload - pulmonary veins are compliant

50
Q

What happens to the preload and afterload of the LV during inspiration?

A

preload is decreased while afterload remains the same

51
Q

During inspiration, which side of the heart has the greatest decrease in CO?

A

Left side - afterload stays the same since the aorta has thick walls and stays the same size

A&P II - Spring 2025 (11 decks)

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