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A&P II - Spring 2025 > Cardiac Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The right vagus nerve innervates the ______ node

A

SA

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation is widespread and covers more of the ___________ than the vagus nerves

A

ventricle muscle

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3
Q

The left vagus nerve innervates the ______ node

A

AV

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4
Q

Which impacts the HR most, the vagus nerves or the sympathetic nerves?

A

vagus

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5
Q

The innermost layer of the pericardium is the ________

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- stretchy and allows for heart movement

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6
Q

The outermost layer of the pericardium is the ________

A

fibrous pericardium
- rigid layer

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7
Q

What layer is between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer of the pericardium

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8
Q

What ions can move through gap junctions in the heart?

A

Sodium and calcium

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9
Q

How do the ventricles contract to squeeze the most efficiently?

A

Wringing out a towel - endocardial and epicardial fibers

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10
Q

Another term for cusps is _______

A

leaflets

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11
Q

Cusps of heart valves are attached to the inside of ventricles via connective tissue called _________

A

chordae tendineae

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12
Q

Chordae tendineae attach cusps to ventricle muscle via _______

A

papillary muscles

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13
Q

What is the purpose of papillary muscles when ventricles contract?

A

Papillary muscles contract with ventricles and reinforce AV valves to protect them from high-pressure ventricles

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14
Q

normal EF?

A

70 mL ejected from starting volume of 120 mL = 70/120

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15
Q

Which AV valve is tricuspid vs bicuspid?

A

L - bicuspid
R - tricuspid

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16
Q

What are the different cusps called in the AV valves?

A

Bicuspid - anterior and posterior
Tricuspid - anterior, septal, and posterior

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17
Q

How many cusps do the pulmonary and aortic valves have? What are they called?

A

3 each
- pulmonary valve: right, left, and anterior
- aortic valve: left, right, and posterior

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18
Q

Which cusps are the coronary arteries attached to?

A

R and L cusps of the aortic valve

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19
Q

When are the coronary arteries perfused?

A

diastole - BP in aorta high, aortic recoil

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20
Q

What structure separates the electrical activity of the atria from the ventricles?

A

cardiac cartilaginous rings - insulator

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21
Q

Where is the bundle of his located?

A

a small opening in the cartilaginous rings

22
Q

How is the bicuspid valve different from the other heart valves?

A

2 real cusps (bicuspid) and a “commissural cusp” which is part of the posterior cusp

23
Q

The left coronary artery splits into the _______ artery and the ______ artery

A

LAD and circumflex

24
Q

For most people, the PDA is fed by which coronary artery?

A

RCA - some people circumflex

25
Where is the great cardiac vein located? What does it empty into?
Posterior inferior heart, coronary sinus
26
What is the rate of coronary blood flow in a typical heart?
70 mL/min/100 grams muscle or 225 mL/min
27
Does the heart have more coronary blood flow during diastole or systole?
Diastole
28
What are the deep and superficial coronary blood vessels called?
Epicardial, endocardial, and subendocardial
29
In general, the LCA supplies ______ pressure areas of the heart, while the RCA supplies ______ pressure areas of the heart
high, low
30
When does coronary artery blood flow backward?
LCA flow back into the aorta during early systole aortic pressure < LV pressure
31
What is the pressure that drives coronary artery blood flow?
aortic pressure
32
How is delta P calculated in coronary blood flow?
aortic pressure - wall (LV) pressure
33
Besides delta P, what else impacts coronary blood flow?
time - filling/diastole
34
If HR increases, which part of diastole would the healthy heart decrease? Why is this portion more important in unhealthy hearts?
middle 1/3 of diastole; needed for coronary artery blood flow in sick heart (decreases time with high wall pressures)
35
How would spinal anesthesia affect CO?
Spinal anesthesia wipes out SANS activity - more circulatory than heart problem - decreased Psf -> decreased CO
36
What are the 3 CVP/atrial waves?
A, C, and V
37
What causes the C wave in CVP/atrial pressure?
AV valves bulging backward when ventricle contracts during early systole
38
What causes the V wave in CVP/atrial pressure?
atrial filling while the AV valves are closed during late systole - blood returning from systemic circulation and filling the atria
39
What causes the A wave in CVP/atrial pressure?
atrial contraction at the end of diastole
40
What is the X descent in the CVP/atrial pressure graph?
after the c wave when the atria is empty and valves no longer bulging back (mid systole)
41
What is the Y descent in the CVP/atrial pressure graph?
after the v wave, when AV valves open and rapid filling of ventricle occurs (early diastole)
42
What is the normal range of pulmonary vascular resistance?
40-180 mmHg/L/min or cgs
43
What is the normal range of systemic vascular resistance?
800-1600 mmHg/L/min or cgs
44
What is the formula for SVR?
((MAP-CVP)/CO)*80
45
What is the formula for PVR?
((MPAP-PAWP)/CO)*80
46
What is a PRU? What is normal?
Peripheral resistance unit - 1
47
How do you convert PRUs to cgs?
PRU*1333 = cgs
48
What happens to CVP during inspiration? How would this affect CO?
decreases both - negative pressure pulls on the walls of the veins, reducing preload
49
What happens to the preload and afterload of the RV during inspiration?
reduced preload - blood pulled out of RA into vena cava reduced afterload - pulmonary veins are compliant
50
What happens to the preload and afterload of the LV during inspiration?
preload is decreased while afterload remains the same
51
During inspiration, which side of the heart has the greatest decrease in CO?
Left side - afterload stays the same since the aorta has thick walls and stays the same size

A&P II - Spring 2025 (22 decks)

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