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A&P II - Spring 2025 > Cardiac Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

Theoretical number to calculate likelihood of turbulent flow

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2
Q

What Reynold’s number is turbulent flow likely?

A

> 2000

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3
Q

If blood vessel diameter increases, will turbulence increase or decrease?

A

Increase turbulence

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4
Q

If blood velocity increases, will turbulence increase or decrease?

A

increase turbulence

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5
Q

If blood density increases, will turbulence increase or decrease?

A

increase turbulence

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6
Q

If blood viscosity increases, will turbulence increase or decrease?

A

decrease turbulence

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7
Q

Which blood vessels are most prone to turbulent flow?

A

Aorta and large arteries

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8
Q

Flow meter assesses blood flow by using an electromagnetic probe to measure the magnetic field produced by ______

A

iron in heme

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9
Q

Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle occurs during

A

ventricular filling/diastole

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10
Q

During phase 1, the mitral valve is ______ and the aortic valve is _______

A

mitral open, aortic closed

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11
Q

During phase 2, the mitral valve is ______ and the aortic valve is _______

A

mitral closed, aortic closed

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12
Q

During phase 3, the mitral valve is ______ and the aortic valve is _______

A

mitral closed, aortic open

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13
Q

During phase 4, the mitral valve is ______ and the aortic valve is _______

A

mitral closed, aortic closed

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14
Q

What do we call the amount of blood remaining at the end of systole, and how much is it?

A

End-systolic volume, 50mL

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15
Q

What do we call the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of filling, and how much is it?

A

End-diastolic volume, 120mL

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16
Q

Normal stroke volume is ____ mL

A

70mL

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17
Q

Atrial contraction provides what amount of end-diastolic volume, ____mL? (in healthy person)

A

10mL

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18
Q

In heart failure, atrial kick provides ______ % of end-diastolic volume

A

> 25%

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19
Q

Stroke volume = ______ - _________

A

stroke volume = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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20
Q

At the beginning of phase 1, pressure in the left atria is greater or less than left ventricle?

A

LAP > LVP; that’s why the mitral valve opens

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21
Q

Diastole is phase _____ of the cardiac cycle

A

1

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22
Q

The mitral valve is also called the _______ valve

A

Bicuspid valve

23
Q

When LV pressure is > LA pressure the ______ valve will ________

A

mitral valve/bicuspid valve, close

24
Q

Interventricular volume does not change in which phases?

A

2 and 4

25
Q

phase 2 is also called ______ _______

A

isovolumetric contraction

26
Q

phase 4 is also called ______ _______

A

isovolumetric relaxation

27
Q

In phase 2 the ventricle is ______

A

beginning to contract

28
Q

Phase 2 ends when ______

A

Aortic valve opens

29
Q

Phase 3 is also the _____ _______ ______

A

period of ejection

30
Q

Phase 3 begins when ______

A

aortic valve opens

31
Q

Phase 3 ends when _____

A

aortic valve closes

systemic pressure is > LV pressure

32
Q

Phase 4 begins when ______

A

aortic valve closes

relaxation occurs without volume change

33
Q

Phase 4 ends when _____

A

mitral valve opens

LA pressure is > LV pressure

34
Q

The diastolic blood pressure number is the pressure when _______

A

aortic valve opens

35
Q

For our class, diastole starts when ________

A

aortic valve closes

(end of phase 3, start of phase 4)

36
Q

For our class, systole starts at ________

A

end of phase 1/start of phase 2, at end-diastolic volume

37
Q

The vast majority of ventricular filling occurs ______

A

early, first 1/3 of filling

38
Q

If the mitral (bicuspid) valve is stenotic, how will it affect filling pressure?

A

filling will occur slower due to impedance of blood flow from LA to LV

39
Q

With mitral stenosis, you want the heart rate to be higher or lower?

A

Lower. Because slower LV filling, lower HR will give more time to fill

40
Q

1st heart sound is when ______

A

A-V/mitral/bicuspid valve closes

41
Q

2nd heart sound is when ______

A

aortic valve closes

42
Q

Aortic blood pressure is lowest at ____

A

end of phase 2

43
Q

Normal mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) is

A

+7 mmHg

44
Q

ΔP equals

A

Avg cv pressure - RA pressure

normal ΔP = (7-0)=7

45
Q
A
46
Q

reduction in RVR would _______ (increase/decrease) venous return and CO

A

increase

47
Q

increase in RVR would _______ (increase/decrease) venous return and CO

A

decrease

48
Q

Something that impedes blood from returning to the heart would _____ (increase/decrease) RVR

A

increase

49
Q

Low RVR would cause the slope on the venous return graph to be _______

A

steep

50
Q

High RVR would cause the slope on the venous return graph to be _______

A

less steep

51
Q

2 main factors that contribute to mean systemic filing pressure are

A

blood volume and venous tone

52
Q

What are the 3 factors that augment cardiac output when filling pressures increase

A
  1. Frank Starling mechanism (cross bridge alignment, healthy heart under stretched at rest)
  2. Direct atrial stretch: property of conduction system of the heart. If atria stretched, causes HR to increase by 10-15%
  3. Bainbridge reflex: external reflex from heart to CNS and back to heart (through vagus nerve) to accommodate higher filling pressure. increases HR by 40-50%
53
Q

Direct atrial stretch does or does not rely on nerve activity to increase HR?

A

doesn’t rely on nerve activity

54
Q

Both afferent and efferent parts of the Bainbridge reflex are carried by the _______

A

vagus nerve

heart —> vagus nerve –> brain stem –> inc. sympathetic output and decrease sympathetic output by vagus nerve

A&P II - Spring 2025 (9 decks)

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