Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition Flashcards
It is the woody parts of plants contain a complex indigestible substance. It is not a carbohydrate but its association to carbohydrate, with a high molecular weight amorphous polymer containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lignin
Hydrolysis of sucrose produces what??
One molecule of a-D glucose,
One molecule of P-D fructose
How much lactose does the cow’s milk contain?
4.6% to 4.8%
It occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland. Not soluble as sucrose and less sweet.
Lactose or Milk Sugar
Hydrolysis of lactose produces [….]
One molecule of glucose,
One molecule of galactose
A sugar of domestic use, widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants.
Sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar or saccharose
Produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes or during germination of barley by the action of amylase.
Maltose or malt sugar
Used in the manufacture of beer and scotch malt whisky.
Malt
Used in the manufacture of beer and scotch malt whisky.
Malt
On hydrolysis of maltose it yields […]
two molecules of glucose
Less soluble and less sweet, and does not exist naturally as a free sugar. However, it is the basic repeating unit of cellulose.
Cellobiose
Does not occur free in nature and occurs in polymerized form as a mannan.
Manose
Occurs free in green leaves, fruit and honey. It differs from other sugars in being laevo-rotatory and also known as fruit sugar.
Fructose or fruit sugar
an important example of a monosaccharide containing seven carbon atoms
Sedoheptulose
It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigments
Galactose
It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigments
Galactose
It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigment
Butyric Acid
Give the three Volatile Fatty Acids
Acetic, Propionic, Butyric
It predominates on a high roughage diet and is a precursor for mammalian milk fat. Some is also used for muscle metabolism and body fat.
Acetic
It predominates on a high concentrate diet and provides energy via the conversion of
blood glucose in the liver
Propanoic (also, Propionic)
Propanoic is used in what synthesis?
Lactose synthesis
They are used primarily by the microorganisms for
reproduction and growth, with the excess production being used by the ruminant itself.
Volatile Fatty Acids
How much do the VFAs provide the ruminant for its energy requirements?
70%
During fermentation what gases are produced that are also removed through eructation?
Methane and Carbon dioxide
How much carbon dioxide is produced in the rumen during fermentation?
40%
How much methane is produced in the rumen during fermentation?
30-40%
How much hydrogen is produced in the rumen during fermentation?
5%
Proportion of acetic acid
60-70%
Proportion of propionic
15-20%
Proportion of Butyric acid
10-15%
give the end products of rumen fermentation
a. microbial cell masses or microbial protein synthesized VFA
b. higher fatty acids
Bacteriodes succinogenes is a specie of what substrate?
Cellulose digester
Sugar fermenting bacteria
Lactobacilli sp.
Methanogenic bacteria
Methanobacterium ruminantium
Methanogenic bacteria
Methanobacterium ruminantium
Proteolytic bacteria
All bacteria related to carbohydrate fermentation
Enumerate the five species for hemicellulose digester.
- Eubacterium sp.
- Bacteriodes ruminicola
- Bacteriodes amylogenes
- Ruminococcus flavefaciens
- Ruminicoccus albus
If particle size is reduced, then digestibility will be increased because of increase in surface area for digestion. Grinding broken down the cell wall so that cell contents come in contact with digestive enzymes.
Particle size
Presence of enzyme inhibitors like saponin, tannins etc. reduces the digestibility of starch.
Enzyme inhibitors
Soluble starch is more digestible than insoluble form i.e. amylose is more digestible than amylopectin.
Form of starch
If fibre content is increased more than a level, it reduces the digestibility of carbohydrates.
Fibre content
It improves the digestibility of starch by breaking down the cell wall.
Processing
What is the main organ for absorption of dietary nutrients in monogastric animals?
Small Intestine
Give the seven species for cellulose digester.
- Bacteriodes succinogenes
- Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
- Clostridum lochheadii
- Clostridium longisporum
- Cillobacterium cellulosolvens
- Acetigenic rod
- Ruminococci sp.
Enumerate the eight species of starch digester.
Clostridium lochheadii
2. Bacteriodes succinogenes
3. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
4. Streptococcus bovis
5. Bacteriodes amylophilus
6. Bacteriodes ruminicola
7. Succinimonas amylotica
8. Selenomonas ruminantium
They are called nitrogen free extract (NFE) and include simple sugar, starch and hemicellulose, which are easily digestible in the body.
Soluble Carbohydrates
They include hard fibrous substance like crude fibre,
cellulose and lignin.
Insoluble Carbohydrates
It is the simplest sugars which cannot be hydrolysed into smaller units.
Monosaccharides
What are the two groups of sugar?
Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharide
Enumerate the subgroups of monosaccharides.
i. Triose
ii. Tetroses
iii. Pentoses
iv. Hexoses
Occurs in pentosans as arabans. It is a component of hemicellulose and gum and present in silage.
L-Arabinose
Enumerate the five members of Pentoses.
Arabinose, Xylose, Xylulose, Ribose, Ribulose
Enumerate the five members of Pentoses.
Arabinose, Xylose, Xylulose, Ribose, Ribulose
What are the two members of Triose?
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroacetone
Also occurs in pentosans in the forms of xylans. These compounds form the main chain in grass hemicellulose and xylose.
D-xylose
It is present in all living cells as a constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and it is also a component of several vitamins and coenzymes.
D-Ribose
What is the most important natural occurring hexose sugar?
glucose and fructose
This sugar occurs in plants, fruits, honey, blood and other body fluid. Also, a major component of many oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and glucosides.
D-Glucose
It includes all sugars other than the monosaccharides.
Oligosaccharides
Enumerate the three subgroups of oligosaccharides.
Disaccharide, Trisaccharide, Tetrasaccharide
What are the most nutritionally important disaccharides?
Sucrose, maltose, lactose and cellobiose
It is the union of three molecules of hexose sugars.
Trisaccharides
produce by the union of four hexose residues
Tetrasaccharides
It is a nonreducing sugar which produces two molecules of galactose, one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose when hydrolyzed.
Stachyose
They are tasteless, insoluble, amorphous compounds with a high molecular weight.
Non-sugars
What are the two subgroups of Non-sugars?
Homopolysaccharides,
Heteropolysaccharides
soluble in water and produce gum like solutions
Dextrins
gives characteristics flavour to bread crust, toast and partly charred cereal foods
Dextrin
It is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent, which is more resistant to chemical agents than the other glucosans,
Cellulose
What is produced on the hydrolysis of cellulose?
Glucose
More resistant to chemical agents than the other glucosans.
Fructosans
Fructans are hydrolysed to […]
D-Fructose,
D-Glucose
It is a component of palm seeds, clovers and Lucerne, which also occur in the cell of a plant.
Galactans and Mannans
It is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature, as next to cellulose. It is a major constituent of the exoskeleton of insects and crustacea. It is the
only known example of a homopolysaccharide containing glucosamine being a linear polymer
of acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Chitin
Give the 7 members of Heteropolysaccharide.
- Hemicellulose
- Gum arabic
- Mucilages
- Agar
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Heparin
- Lignin
It is an anticoagulant, which occur in blood, liver and lung.
Heparin
On hydrolysis, heparin yields […]
Glucuronic Acid,
Glucosamine,
Sulphuric Acid
It is an anticoagulant, which occur in blood, liver and lung. Solutions of this acid are viscous and play an important role in the lubrication of joints.
Hyaluronic Acid
It is grouped under amino polysaccharides present in the skin, synovial fluid and umblical cord.
Hyaluronic Acid
found as constituents of seaweeds and
in mammalian tissues and it is used as a gel-farming agent in microbial studies
Agar
Linseed mucilage produces […] on hydrolysis.
arabinose,
galactose,
rhamnose,
galacturonic acid
useful plant gum and produced from the wound in the plant, although they may arise as natural exudates from bark and leaves
Gum arabic
Hydrolysis of acacia gums yields to
arabinose,
rhamnose,
glucuronic acid
It is insoluble in boiling water but soluble in dilute alkali and hydrolyzed by dilute acids to simple sugar and uronic acid such as glucuronic and galacturonic acid.
Hemicellulose
All carbohydrates are converted into […]
Pyruvic acid
Split lactose into glucose and galactose
Amino peptidase,
Dipeptidase, Maltase
Sucrase, Lactase
Split sucrose into glucose and fructose
Carboxypeptidase
Split maltose into glucose
Peptidase
It split amino acid.
Enterokinase
An enzyme which act on starch and split into dextrin and maltose.
Salivary Amylase
Stop the action of salivary amylase and allow pepsin to work and kills microorganisms.
Hydrochloric acid
the gland that secretes enzymes which activates trypsinogen forming trypsin, trypsin then
activate chymotrypsin.
Intestinal Juice (Duodenal gland and Goblet cells)
The gland which secretes water and mucuos to further soften of food as well as prevent gastric juice from damaging the stomach wall.
Gastric Juice (Gastric gland)
the secretion of gland that neutralize
acidity of chyme and stop action of pepsin but allow
action of intestinal enzymes emulsify fat.
Bile Juice (Liver)
Give the enzymes that help to increase alkalinity in
intestine and combined with fatty acid to form soap splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Splits certain
proteins, proteases and peptone into shorter
polypeptide chains and liberate some amino acid.
Water, alkaline salt, Pancreatic lipase, Pancreatic
amylase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase
When sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase it yields to […]
Glucose and Fructose
