Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition

Question 1

It is the woody parts of plants contain a complex indigestible substance. It is not a carbohydrate but its association to carbohydrate, with a high molecular weight amorphous polymer containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Answer 1

Lignin

Question 2

Hydrolysis of sucrose produces what??

Answer 2

One molecule of a-D glucose,
One molecule of P-D fructose

Question 3

How much lactose does the cow’s milk contain?

Answer 3

4.6% to 4.8%

Question 4

It occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland. Not soluble as sucrose and less sweet.

Answer 4

Lactose or Milk Sugar

Question 5

Hydrolysis of lactose produces [….]

Answer 5

One molecule of glucose,
One molecule of galactose

Question 6

A sugar of domestic use, widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants.

Answer 6

Sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar or saccharose

Question 7

Produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes or during germination of barley by the action of amylase.

Answer 7

Maltose or malt sugar

Question 8

Used in the manufacture of beer and scotch malt whisky.

Answer 8

Malt

Question 9

Used in the manufacture of beer and scotch malt whisky.

Answer 9

Malt

Question 10

On hydrolysis of maltose it yields […]

Answer 10

two molecules of glucose

Question 11

Less soluble and less sweet, and does not exist naturally as a free sugar. However, it is the basic repeating unit of cellulose.

Answer 11

Cellobiose

Question 12

Does not occur free in nature and occurs in polymerized form as a mannan.

Answer 12

Manose

Question 13

Occurs free in green leaves, fruit and honey. It differs from other sugars in being laevo-rotatory and also known as fruit sugar.

Answer 13

Fructose or fruit sugar

Question 14

an important example of a monosaccharide containing seven carbon atoms

Answer 14

Sedoheptulose

Question 15

It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigments

Answer 15

Galactose

Question 16

It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigments

Answer 16

Galactose

Question 17

It is a constituent of disaccharide lactose, which occurs in milk and is also a component of gum, mucilages, pigment

Answer 17

Butyric Acid

Question 18

Give the three Volatile Fatty Acids

Answer 18

Acetic, Propionic, Butyric

Question 19

It predominates on a high roughage diet and is a precursor for mammalian milk fat. Some is also used for muscle metabolism and body fat.

Answer 19

Acetic

Question 20

It predominates on a high concentrate diet and provides energy via the conversion of
blood glucose in the liver

Answer 20

Propanoic (also, Propionic)

Question 21

Propanoic is used in what synthesis?

Answer 21

Lactose synthesis

Question 22

They are used primarily by the microorganisms for
reproduction and growth, with the excess production being used by the ruminant itself.

Answer 22

Volatile Fatty Acids

Question 23

How much do the VFAs provide the ruminant for its energy requirements?

Answer 23

70%

Question 24

During fermentation what gases are produced that are also removed through eructation?

Answer 24

Methane and Carbon dioxide

Question 25

How much carbon dioxide is produced in the rumen during fermentation?

Answer 25

40%

Question 26

How much methane is produced in the rumen during fermentation?

Answer 26

30-40%

Question 27

How much hydrogen is produced in the rumen during fermentation?

Answer 27

5%

Question 28

Proportion of acetic acid

Answer 28

60-70%

Question 29

Proportion of propionic

Answer 29

15-20%

Question 30

Proportion of Butyric acid

Answer 30

10-15%

Question 31

give the end products of rumen fermentation

Answer 31

a. microbial cell masses or microbial protein synthesized VFA b. higher fatty acids

Question 32

Bacteriodes succinogenes is a specie of what substrate?

Answer 32

Cellulose digester

Question 33

Sugar fermenting bacteria

Answer 33

Lactobacilli sp.

Question 34

Methanogenic bacteria

Answer 34

Methanobacterium ruminantium

Question 35

Methanogenic bacteria

Answer 35

Methanobacterium ruminantium

Question 36

Proteolytic bacteria

Answer 36

All bacteria related to carbohydrate fermentation

Question 37

Enumerate the five species for hemicellulose digester.

Answer 37

1. Eubacterium sp. 2. Bacteriodes ruminicola 3. Bacteriodes amylogenes 4. Ruminococcus flavefaciens 5. Ruminicoccus albus

Question 38

If particle size is reduced, then digestibility will be increased because of increase in surface area for digestion. Grinding broken down the cell wall so that cell contents come in contact with digestive enzymes.

Answer 38

Particle size

Question 39

Presence of enzyme inhibitors like saponin, tannins etc. reduces the digestibility of starch.

Answer 39

Enzyme inhibitors

Question 40

Soluble starch is more digestible than insoluble form i.e. amylose is more digestible than amylopectin.

Answer 40

Form of starch

Question 41

If fibre content is increased more than a level, it reduces the digestibility of carbohydrates.

Answer 41

Fibre content

Question 42

It improves the digestibility of starch by breaking down the cell wall.

Answer 42

Processing

Question 43

What is the main organ for absorption of dietary nutrients in monogastric animals?

Answer 43

Small Intestine

Question 44

Give the seven species for cellulose digester.

Answer 44

1. Bacteriodes succinogenes 2. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 3. Clostridum lochheadii 4. Clostridium longisporum 5. Cillobacterium cellulosolvens 6. Acetigenic rod 7. Ruminococci sp.

Question 45

Enumerate the eight species of starch digester.

Answer 45

Clostridium lochheadii 2. Bacteriodes succinogenes 3. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 4. Streptococcus bovis 5. Bacteriodes amylophilus 6. Bacteriodes ruminicola 7. Succinimonas amylotica 8. Selenomonas ruminantium

Question 46

They are called nitrogen free extract (NFE) and include simple sugar, starch and hemicellulose, which are easily digestible in the body.

Answer 46

Soluble Carbohydrates

Question 47

They include hard fibrous substance like crude fibre, cellulose and lignin.

Answer 47

Insoluble Carbohydrates

Question 48

It is the simplest sugars which cannot be hydrolysed into smaller units.

Answer 48

Monosaccharides

Question 49

What are the two groups of sugar?

Answer 49

Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharide

Question 50

Enumerate the subgroups of monosaccharides.

Answer 50

i. Triose ii. Tetroses iii. Pentoses iv. Hexoses

Question 51

Occurs in pentosans as arabans. It is a component of hemicellulose and gum and present in silage.

Answer 51

L-Arabinose

Question 52

Enumerate the five members of Pentoses.

Answer 52

Arabinose, Xylose, Xylulose, Ribose, Ribulose

Question 53

Enumerate the five members of Pentoses.

Answer 53

Arabinose, Xylose, Xylulose, Ribose, Ribulose

Question 54

What are the two members of Triose?

Answer 54

Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroacetone

Question 55

Also occurs in pentosans in the forms of xylans. These compounds form the main chain in grass hemicellulose and xylose.

Answer 55

D-xylose

Question 56

It is present in all living cells as a constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and it is also a component of several vitamins and coenzymes.

Answer 56

D-Ribose

Question 57

What is the most important natural occurring hexose sugar?

Answer 57

glucose and fructose

Question 58

This sugar occurs in plants, fruits, honey, blood and other body fluid. Also, a major component of many oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and glucosides.

Answer 58

D-Glucose

Question 59

It includes all sugars other than the monosaccharides.

Answer 59

Oligosaccharides

Question 60

Enumerate the three subgroups of oligosaccharides.

Answer 60

Disaccharide, Trisaccharide, Tetrasaccharide

Question 61

What are the most nutritionally important disaccharides?

Answer 61

Sucrose, maltose, lactose and cellobiose

Question 62

It is the union of three molecules of hexose sugars.

Answer 62

Trisaccharides

Question 63

produce by the union of four hexose residues

Answer 63

Tetrasaccharides

Question 64

It is a nonreducing sugar which produces two molecules of galactose, one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose when hydrolyzed.

Answer 64

Stachyose

Question 65

They are tasteless, insoluble, amorphous compounds with a high molecular weight.

Answer 65

Non-sugars

Question 66

What are the two subgroups of Non-sugars?

Answer 66

Homopolysaccharides, Heteropolysaccharides

Question 67

soluble in water and produce gum like solutions

Answer 67

Dextrins

Question 68

gives characteristics flavour to bread crust, toast and partly charred cereal foods

Answer 68

Dextrin

Question 69

It is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent, which is more resistant to chemical agents than the other glucosans,

Answer 69

Cellulose

Question 70

What is produced on the hydrolysis of cellulose?

Answer 70

Glucose

Question 71

More resistant to chemical agents than the other glucosans.

Answer 71

Fructosans

Question 72

Fructans are hydrolysed to [...]

Answer 72

D-Fructose, D-Glucose

Question 73

It is a component of palm seeds, clovers and Lucerne, which also occur in the cell of a plant.

Answer 73

Galactans and Mannans

Question 74

It is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature, as next to cellulose. It is a major constituent of the exoskeleton of insects and crustacea. It is the only known example of a homopolysaccharide containing glucosamine being a linear polymer of acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Answer 74

Chitin

Question 75

Give the 7 members of Heteropolysaccharide.

Answer 75

1. Hemicellulose 2. Gum arabic 3. Mucilages 4. Agar 5. Hyaluronic Acid 6. Heparin 7. Lignin

Question 76

It is an anticoagulant, which occur in blood, liver and lung.

Answer 76

Heparin

Question 77

On hydrolysis, heparin yields [...]

Answer 77

Glucuronic Acid, Glucosamine, Sulphuric Acid

Question 78

It is an anticoagulant, which occur in blood, liver and lung. Solutions of this acid are viscous and play an important role in the lubrication of joints.

Answer 78

Hyaluronic Acid

Question 79

It is grouped under amino polysaccharides present in the skin, synovial fluid and umblical cord.

Answer 79

Hyaluronic Acid

Question 80

found as constituents of seaweeds and in mammalian tissues and it is used as a gel-farming agent in microbial studies

Answer 80

Agar

Question 81

Linseed mucilage produces [...] on hydrolysis.

Answer 81

arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid

Question 82

useful plant gum and produced from the wound in the plant, although they may arise as natural exudates from bark and leaves

Answer 82

Gum arabic

Question 83

Hydrolysis of acacia gums yields to

Answer 83

arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid

Question 84

It is insoluble in boiling water but soluble in dilute alkali and hydrolyzed by dilute acids to simple sugar and uronic acid such as glucuronic and galacturonic acid.

Answer 84

Hemicellulose

Question 85

All carbohydrates are converted into [...]

Answer 85

Pyruvic acid

Question 86

Split lactose into glucose and galactose

Answer 86

Amino peptidase, Dipeptidase, Maltase Sucrase, Lactase

Question 87

Split sucrose into glucose and fructose

Answer 87

Carboxypeptidase

Question 88

Split maltose into glucose

Answer 88

Peptidase

Question 89

It split amino acid.

Answer 89

Enterokinase

Question 90

An enzyme which act on starch and split into dextrin and maltose.

Answer 90

Salivary Amylase

Question 91

Stop the action of salivary amylase and allow pepsin to work and kills microorganisms.

Answer 91

Hydrochloric acid

Question 92

the gland that secretes enzymes which activates trypsinogen forming trypsin, trypsin then activate chymotrypsin.

Answer 92

Intestinal Juice (Duodenal gland and Goblet cells)

Question 93

The gland which secretes water and mucuos to further soften of food as well as prevent gastric juice from damaging the stomach wall.

Answer 93

Gastric Juice (Gastric gland)

Question 94

the secretion of gland that neutralize acidity of chyme and stop action of pepsin but allow action of intestinal enzymes emulsify fat.

Answer 94

Bile Juice (Liver)

Question 95

Give the enzymes that help to increase alkalinity in intestine and combined with fatty acid to form soap splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Splits certain proteins, proteases and peptone into shorter polypeptide chains and liberate some amino acid.

Answer 95

Water, alkaline salt, Pancreatic lipase, Pancreatic amylase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase

Question 96

When sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase it yields to [...]

Answer 96

Glucose and Fructose