Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
Fatty Acids
End with a methyl group which is hydrophobic
Have a long hydrocarbon chain of CH (14 to 22 units long) bonded together
Another end with a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic
Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Oils) Features
Have at least 1 double carbon bond
Liquid at room temperature
Have low melting point
Plant origin, lowers LDL level
Have kinks in chain
More flexible
Steroids Structure
4 linked carbon rings
3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring
17 carbon atoms in total
Glycogen Function
Store energy in liver and muscle cells
Functional Groups
Methyl
Amino
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Phosphate
Types of Glycosidic Bonds
1 - 4 Linkage: Linear Chain
1 - 6 Linkage: Branch Chain
Nucleic Acids Information
Monomer: Nucleotides
Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Bond Type: Phosphodiester
Glycogen Structure (Polysaccharide)
A multi-branched polysaccharide that consists of many alpha glucose joined through a condensation reaction, linked by both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond
Highly branch which makes it compact and useful for energy storage
High amount of branches provides more free ends which allows glycogen to be broken down quickly for glucose in respiration
How do Steroids Differ
The functional groups attached to the rings
Position of double carbon bond
Disaccharides
Made of two monosaccharide units joined together through a condensation reaction by a glycosidic bond
Kinks
Double bonds cause kinks which prevent tight packing, thus increases flexibility and lowers melting point
Exceptions of Organic Compounds
Oxides: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbonates: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Cyanides: Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)
Carbides: Silicon Carbide (SiC)
4 Classes of Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids
FOWS
What do Fatty Acids Differ In
Number of Carbon Atoms
Presence, number, and location of double carbon bonds
Lipids Properties
Elements are C, H, O with more H than O and C
Lipids are not repeating units so no monomers
Hydrophobic with some being amphipathic
Can pass through phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane through simple diffusion
What do Glycogen and Starch Have in Common
Both storage polysaccharides made of alpha glucose unit joined by glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction
Insoluble
Unreactive and not used in reactions inside the cell
Difference with Cis and Trans Isomers
Cis is healthy, natural, and found in nature
Trans is unhealthy, rare, and artificially made
The hydrogen atoms in Cis are on the same side of the double carbon bond
The hydrogen atoms in Trans are on opposite sides of the double carbon bond
In Cis, the double bond causes a kink in the fatty acid chain
In Trans, the double bond doesn’t cause a kink in the fatty acid chain
Cis has lower melting point
Trans has higher melting point`
Starch Structure (Polysaccharides)
Consists of 2 types of molecules:
Amylose: Straight chain of alpha glucose units joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds that coil up to form a helix which makes it more compact so resists digestion
Amylopectin: Branched chain of alpha glucose joined 1-4 with some 1-6 glycosidic bonds. Branches result in many free end glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolyzed
Proteins Information
Monomer: Amino Acids
Elements: C, H, O, N, S
Bond Type: Peptide
Lipids Information
Monomer: N/A
Elements: C, H, O
Bond Type: Ester
Polysaccharides
Made of long chains monosaccharide units joined together by condensation reaction by a glycosidic bond
Starch Function
Stores energy in plants
Disaccharide with Monosaccharide Units
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Steroids
Contain a fused ring structure synthesized from cholesterol, and are hydrophilic which allows them to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
Cellulose
Straight parallel chains of beta glucose joined by a condensation reaction with 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Each glucose molecule flips 180 degrees leading to glycosidic bonds alternating up and down
Hydrogen bonds form between parallel chains which cause the formation of microfibrils which are very strong
Microfibrils give cellulose fibres a very high tensile strength and allow a cell to withstand large pressures from osmosis
The function of cellulose is to provide strength for cell walls in plant cells
Monosaccharides
The simplest carbohydrate made up of 1 sugar unit
5 Carbons = Pentose (Ex: Ribose, Deoxyribose)
6 Carbons = Hexose (Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)
Triglycerides Function
Energy Storage: Triglycerides are highly stable so energy is not lost over time, highly reduced so release twice as much energy, and insoluble in water so they remain localized
Thermal insulation: Triglycerides are poor thermal conductors therefore trap heat and maintain internal body temperature, with the thicker the layer of adipose tissue the increased retention of heat which helps mammals who live in cold environments such as Gavia Artica and Pusa Hispida
Properties of Monosaccharides
Chemical Stability: They have strong covalent bonds and therefore are very stable, with the presence of an -OH allowing for hydrogen bonding
Solubility: They are soluble in water with each molecule having several -OH molecules that are used in hydrogen bonding
Energy Source: They give out energy when oxidized through respiration, with one oxidation giving 36 ATP
Carbohydrates Information
Monomer: Monosaccharides (includes disaccharides and polysaccharides)
Elements: C, H, O
Bond Type: Glycosidic
Structure
Because they form enormous molecules, they usually don’t dissolve in water which makes them suitable for storage and for forming strong structures for support such as cellulose
Differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids (Glycogen and Triglycerides)
Carbs are stored in the liver as glycogen
Lipids are stored in adipose tissue as fat
Carbs are short term energy storage
Lipids are long term energy storage
Carbs contain less energy per gram than lipids
Lipids contain more energy per gram than carbs
Carbs release energy fast and easily digested
Lipids release energy slow and less digested
Carbs needs less oxygen to release energy
Lipids needs more oxygen to release energy
Triglycerides Structure
Made of a glycerol backbone attached to 3 fatty acids in a condensation reaction and joined together by ester bonds
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Organic: Compounds that are found in living organisms and contain carbon
Inorganic: Compounds that don’t contain carbon
Examples of Steroids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone
Saturated Fatty Acids (Fats) Features
Have single carbon bonds
Solid at room temperature
Have high melting point
Animal origin, raises LDL level
Straight chain
Less flexible
Chemical Properties of Carbon
Has 4 valence electrons
Can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon to carbon bonds are extremely strong and stable
Can form long, ringed, and branched chain of carbon
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
