carbohydrates

Question 1

monosaccharides

Answer 1

basic blocks; 3-9 carbons with functional group

Question 2

ciliary body carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 2

85% anaerobic glycolysis through embden-meyerhol pathway

Question 3

carbohydrate metabolism retina VS brain

Answer 3

retina = more anaerobic glycolysis with no glycogen storage;
brain =aerobic glycolysis with minimal glycogen storage

Question 4

transketolase and transaldolase enzymes

Answer 4

catalyze the interconversion of sugars containing 3 to 7 carbbons

Question 5

disaccharide

Answer 5

two monosaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Question 6

bond that holds a disaccharide together

Answer 6

glycosidic bond

Question 7

reaction that creates a disaccharide from monosaccharide

Answer 7

condensation rxn

Question 8

oligosaccharide

Answer 8

3-9 monosaccharides

Question 9

raffinose

Answer 9

galactose-glucose-fructose

Question 10

polysaccharides

Answer 10

10 or more monosaccharides

Question 11

sulfation

Answer 11

biological functioning: contribute to cell having a net “-“ charge

Question 12

GAG organization

Answer 12

1. repeating disaccharides
2. more complex combine w/core protein (proteoglycan)
3. which then links to another chain in ECM

Question 13

glycosaminoglycans in cornea

Answer 13

Keratan sulfate,

Question 14

Cornea plana 2

Answer 14

flattened cornea mutation in gene coding for keratocan - inability to make keratocan

Question 15

macular corneal dystrophy

Answer 15

mutation in gene coding a protein involved in synthesis of KS

Question 16

macular corneal dystrophy

Answer 16

cloudiness of cornea/loss of visual function - mutation in gene coding a protein involved in synthesis of Keratan sulfate (dysfunction protein that adds sulfates)

Question 17

hurler syndrome

Answer 17

corneal cloudiness - keratin sulfate degredation (deficiency of lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase/accumulation of GAGs) - autosomal recessive genetic disease

Question 18

catabolic

Answer 18

break down/release energy

Question 19

anabolic

Answer 19

build up/use energy

Question 20

formation of NADP+ (i.e. NADPH)

Answer 20

oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose 5-phophate

Question 21

physiological function of keratin sulfate-containing proteoglycans in cornea

Answer 21

perform a structural role that maintains normal curvature

Question 22

cellular location of “conversion of pyruvate to glucose via gluconeogenesis”

Answer 22

1. mitochondrial matrix, 2. cytosol 3. ?

Question 23

decreased activity of galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)

Answer 23

lect 11/12?

Question 24

inhibitors of tricarboxylic acid cycle

Answer 24

NADH, ATP, ?