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Biochemistry by mgcMD > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 monosaccharide hexoses

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannise

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2
Q

Reduction of glucose yields______

A

Sorbitol

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3
Q

Oxidation of glucose yields______

A

Glucuronic acid

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4
Q

Hexose obtained from mammary glands

A

Galactose

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5
Q

Hexose that is constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Galactose

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6
Q

Give 3 pentose

A

Ribose
Ribulose
Xylulose

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7
Q

Hexose intermediate in pentose phosphate pathways

A

Ribulose

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8
Q

Pentose excreted in urine in essential pentosuria

A

Xylulose

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9
Q

Non-reducing disaccharide

A

Sucrose

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10
Q

Give 2 reducing disaccharides

A

Lactose

Maltose

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11
Q

Intermediate disaccharide in the digestion of starch

A

Maltose

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12
Q

Storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

Chief constituent polysaccharide of plant cell wall

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

Polysaccharide of fructose that is readily soluble in water and is used to determine GFR

A

Inulin

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15
Q

Example of ketose

A

Fructose

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16
Q

Examples of aldose

A

Glucose
Galactose
Mannose

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17
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Compounds that have the same chemical formula

A

Isomers

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18
Q 
Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
A

Isomers

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19
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom (except the carbonyl carbon)

A

Epimers

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20
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Glucose and galactose

A

Epimers

Differ only at OH position in C4

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21
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Glucose and mannose

A

Epimers

Differ only at OH at C2

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22
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Are optical isomers or stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers

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23
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

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24
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

D sugar and L sugar

A

Enantiomers

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25
Q

Monosaccharide stucture with a five membered ring

A

Furanose

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26
Q

Monosaccharide structure with six-membered ring

A

Pyranose

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27
Q

Isomers/Epimers/Enantiomers/Anomers

Rotation around the carbonyl carbon produces _____ which are labeled alpha and beta

A

Anomers

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28
Q

Unlike epimers, anomers can undergo interconversion (from alpha to beta, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or need for enzymes, in a process called _____

A

Mutarotation

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29
Q

2 body tissues that require insulin for glucose cellular transport

A

Adipose

Muscle

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30
Q

Glucose transporter
RBC
Brain, kindey colon, placenta

A

Glut 1

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31
Q

Glucose transporter
Liver, pancreas
Small intestine, kidney

A

GLUT 2

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32
Q

Glucose transporter
Brain
Kidney, Placenta

A

GLUT 3

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33
Q

Glucose transporter
Muscle
Adipose
Heart, skeletal muscle

A

GLUT 4

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34
Q

Glucose transporter

Small intestine

A

GLUT 5

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35
Q

Glucose transporter

Small intestine, kidney

A

SGLT 1

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36
Q

Glucose transporter

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake

A

GLUT 4

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37
Q

Glucose transporter

Frucose absorption

A

Small intestine

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38
Q

Glucose transporter

Sodium-dependent active uptake of glucose against a concentration gradient

A

SGLT 1

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39
Q

Major pathway for glucose metabolism that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy

A

Glycolysis

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40
Q

Most common type og glycolysis

A

Embden-Maeyerhoff-Parnas Pathway

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41
Q

Site of glycolysis

A

Cytosol

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42
Q

Substrate for glycolysis

A

Glucose

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43
Q

What are the end-products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

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44
Q

Rate-limiting step in glycolysis

A

F6P—>F1,6BP

Enzyme: PFK 1

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45
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis

A

PFK1

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46
Q

Identify enzyme

Glucose—>G6P

A

Hexokinase

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47
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Present in most tissues

A

Hexokinase

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48
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Can phosphorylase glucose and other hexoses

A

Both

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49
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Present only liver parenchyma and islet cells of pancreas

A

Glukokinase

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50
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Inhibited by G6P

A

Hexokinase

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51
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Inhibited by F6P

A

Glucokinase

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52
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Low Km, high affinity

A

Hexokinase

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53
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

High Km, low affinity

A

Glucokinase

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54
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Low Vmax

A

Hexokinase

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55
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

High Vmax

A

Glucokinase

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56
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

Liver activity induced by iinsulin

A

Glucokinase

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57
Q

Identify enzyme

G6PF6P

A

Phosphohexose isomerase

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58
Q

Identify enzyme

F6P—>F1,6BP

A

PFK1

Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis

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59
Q

PFK1/PFK2

Product is F1,6BP

A

PFK1

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60
Q

PFK1/PFK2

Product is F2,6BP

A

PFK2

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61
Q

PFK1/PFK2

Activated by F2,6BP and AMP

A

PFK1

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62
Q

2 activators of PFK1

A

F2,6BP

AMP

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63
Q

PFK1/PFK2
Activated by well-fed state
Increased insulin
Decreased glucagon

A

PFK2

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64
Q

PFK1/PFK2

Inhibited by citrate and ATP

A

PFK1

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65
Q

PFK1/PFK2
Inhibited during fasting state
Decreased Insulin
Increased glucagon

A

PFK2

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66
Q

2 inhibitors of PFK1

A

Citrate

ATP

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67
Q

Inhibitors of PFK2

A

Fasting state
Dec insulin
Inc glucagon

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68
Q

Identify enzyme

F1,6BP—>DHAP and GA3P

A

Aldolase

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69
Q

Identify enzyme

DHAP—>GA3P

A

Triose phosphate isomeras

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70
Q

Identify enzyme

GA3P—>1,3BPG

A

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

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71
Q

Identify enzyme

1,3BPG—> 3PG

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

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72
Q

Identify enzyme

3PG—>2PG

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

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73
Q

Identify enzyme

2PG—> PEP

A

Enolase

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74
Q

Identify enzyme

PEP—>Pyruvate

A

Pyruvate kinase

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75
Q

How many ATP per molecule of PEP is produced in substrate-level phosphorylation

A

1

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76
Q

What activates pyruvate formation

A

F1,6BP

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77
Q

Hormone that inhibits pyruvate formation

A

Glucagon

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78
Q

2 steps in glycolysis that produce ATP

A

1,3BPG—>3PG (enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase)

PEP—>Pyruvate (enzyme: pyruvate kinase)

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79
Q

2 enzymes in involved in ATP-producing steps in glycolysis

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Pyruvate kinase

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80
Q

Step in glycolysis that produces NADH

A

GA3P—> 1,3BPG

enzyme: glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

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81
Q

Enzyme involved in NADH-producing step in Glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrigenase

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82
Q

End product of aerobic glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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83
Q

End product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactate

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84
Q

Identify enzyme

Pyruvate—>lactate

A

Lactate DH

NADH used

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85
Q

Major fate of pyruvate in lens, cornea, kidney medulla, testes, RBC, WBC

A

Lactate

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86
Q

Glycerophosphate shuttle/Malate aspartate shuttle

ATP yield per NADH is 1.5

A

Glycerophosphate

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87
Q

Glycerophosphate shuttle/Malate aspartate shuttle

ATP yield per NADH is 2.5

A

Malate aspartate

88
Q

Glycerophosphate shuttle/Malate aspartate shuttle

Tissues: Brain, white muscle

A

Glycerophosphate

89
Q

Glycerophosphate shuttle/Malate aspartate shuttle

Tissue: heart and most tissues

A

Malate aspartate

90
Q

Net ATP yield for aerobic glycolysis glycerophosphate shuttle

A

5

See page 9 of topnotch handout

91
Q

Net ATP yield for aerobic glycolysis malate aspartate shuttle

A

7

92
Q

Net ATP yield for anaerobic glycolysis

A

2

93
Q

Fate of pyruvate and enzyme involved

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactate, lactate DH

94
Q

Fate of pyruvate and enzyme involved

Fermentation

A

Ethanol

Pyruvate decarboxylase

95
Q

Fate of pyruvate and enzyme involved

Gluconeogenesis

A

OAA, pyruvate carboxylase

96
Q

Fate of pyruvate and enzyme involved

Citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA, pyruvate DH

97
Q

Identify enzyme

Pyruvate—> Acetyl Coa

A

Pyruvate DH complex (E1 + E2 + E3)

98
Q

Enumerate coenzymes of pyruvate DH complex

A 
Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
NAD+
Coenzyme A (contains panthotenic acid)
Lipoic acid
99
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis and its presentation

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, hemolytic anemia

100
Q

Identify enzyme
Provide lipids as alternative fuel
Deficiency presents as low exercise capacity, especially on high carbohydrate diets

A

Muscle phosphofructokinase

101
Q

Identify enzyme

Its deficiency is the most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

102
Q

Clinical manifestation af ALDOLASE A deficiency

A

Hemolytics anemia

103
Q

Treatment for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Ketogenic diet

104
Q

In arsenic poisoning, arsenic competes with inorganic phosphate as a substrate of what glycolytic enzyme

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

105
Q

Deficiency of this glycolytic enzyme leads to acumulation of lactate, decreased acetyl CoA, leading to psychomotor retardation and death

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

106
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidationof carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

Citric acid cycle

107
Q

Site of TCA

A

Mitochondria

108
Q

All substrates of TCA are in mitochondrial matrix except

A

Succinate dehydrogenase (inner mitochondrial membrane)

109
Q

Initial substrate for TCA

A

Acetyl CoA

110
Q

Products of TCA

A

2 CO2
1 GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

111
Q

Rate-limiting step in TCA

A

Isocitrate—>alpha kg

Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

112
Q

Enzyme for rate-limiting step of TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

113
Q

Identify enzyme

Acetyl CoA + OAA —> Citrate

A

Citrate synthase

114
Q

In TCA, Acetyl CoA + ______ —> citrate

A

OAA

115
Q

Identify enzyme and inhibitor

Citrate —-> isocitrate

A

Aconitase,

Fluoroacetate

116
Q

Identify enzyme and byproduct

Isocitrate—> alpha kg

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase,

CO2, NADH

117
Q

Identify enzyme, by-products and inhibitor

Alpha kg —> succinyl CoA

A

Alpha kg dehydrogenase
CO2, NADH
Arsenite and ammonia

118
Q

Identify enzyme and by-product

Succinyl CoA—>Succinate

A

Succinate thiokinase,

GTP

119
Q

Identify enzyme and by-product

Succinate—>Fumarate

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

FADH2

120
Q

Identify enzyme

Fumarate—>malate

A

Fumarase hydratase

121
Q

Identify enzyme and by-product

Malate—>OAA

A

Malate dehydrogenase

NADH

122
Q

3 reactions in TCA that produce NADH as by-product

A

Isocitrate—>alpha kg
Alpha kg—>succinyl CoA
Malate—> OAA

123
Q

Reaction in TCA that produces GTP

A

Succinyl CoA—>Succinate

124
Q

Reaction in TCA that produces FADH2

A

Succinate —> fumarate

125
Q

TCA intermediate that delivers acetyl CoA to the cytosol dor fatty acid synthesis via its shuttle

A

Citrate

126
Q

TCA intermediate used for heme synthesis and activation of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues

A

Succinyl CoA

127
Q

TCA intermediate used for gluconeogenesis

A

Malate

128
Q

T/F TCA does not synthesize new OAA

A

T

129
Q

T/F

TCA proceeds under hormonal control

A

F

130
Q

T/F

Four B vitamins are essential for TCA

A

T

131
Q

These are reactions that replenish intermediates of the TCA that have been used for biosynthesis

A

Anaplerotic reactions

132
Q

Most important anaplerotic reaction that maintains adequate comcentration of OAA

A 
Pyruvate carboxylase
Other anaplerotic susbtrates:
Glutamine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Propionyl CoA
133
Q

Total ATP yield for 1 cycle of TCA

A

10

NADH (2.5x3)
FADH2 (1.5x1)
GTP (1)

134
Q

Total ATP yieald for complete oxidation of glucose

A

30 or 32

Glcose —> Pyruvate 5 or 7
2 pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA 2.5 from NADH x 2 = 5
2 acetyle CoA in TCA —> 10 x 2 = 20

135
Q

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

136
Q

Organ site of gluconeogenesis

A

Liver 90%

Kidney 10%

137
Q

Site of gluconeogenesis in the cell

A

Mitochondria and cyosol

138
Q 
Substrates of gluconeogenesis include:
Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA
\_\_\_\_\_ through the Cori cycle
\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ from TAG
Carbon skeletons of glucogenic AA
A

Lactate

Glycerol, propionyl CoA

139
Q

Rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

F1,6BP—>Fructose 6 Phosphate

Enzyme: fructose 1,6 bisphophatase

140
Q

Gluconeogenesis
Identify enzyme
Pyruvate—>OAA

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

141
Q

2 Co-factors of pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis

A

ATP
Biotin (CARBOXYLASES attach carbon atom with CO2 as a substrate. All carboxylases require biotin as co-factor)

Pyruvate —> OAA (pyruvate carboxylase)
Acetyl CoA—> malonyl CoA (Acetyl CoA carboxylase)
Propionyl CoA —> methylmalonyl CoA ( propionyl CoA carboxylase)

142
Q

Gluneogenesis

Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by______

A

Acetyl CoA

143
Q

In gluconeogenesis, OAA is reduced to _______ and exported from the mitochondrion tonthe cytosol, where it is converted back to OAA

A

Malate

144
Q

Identify the enzyme in gluconeogenesis

OAA—> PEP

A

PEP Carboxykinase

145
Q

Key enzyme that catalyzes net transfer out of the citric acid cycle into gluconeogenesis

A

PEP carboxykinase

OAA—>PEP

146
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

Inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate and AMP

147
Q

What inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

AMP

148
Q

Final step shared by gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

Glucose-6-phosphate—>Glucose

Enzyme: glucose-6-phosphatase

149
Q

The cycle through which lactate formed by glycolysis in skeletal muscle is transported to the liver where it is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis

A

Cori cycle

150
Q

Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate requires
Cleavage of ______ bonds
Oxidation of ______

A

Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate requires
Cleavage of 6 high-enerfy phosphate bomds (4 ATP + 2 GTP)
Oxidation of 2 NADH

151
Q

Energy for gluconeogenesis comes from _____

A

Oxidation of fatty acids

152
Q

Glucosuria occurs when venous blood glucose concentration exceeds _____mmol/L (renal threshold)

A

10

153
Q

Major storage of carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

154
Q

Approximately ____g of glycogen is stored in the liver

A

500

155
Q

Glygogen is a branched polymer of alpha D glucose
With primary glycosidic bond at ______
And branch pointd after 8 to 10 residues at _____

A

a (1->4)

a (1->6)

156
Q

Site of glycogenesis

A

Cytosol

Liver and muscle

157
Q

Substrate for glycogenesis

A

a-D-glucose

158
Q

Rate-limiting step for glycogenesis

A

Elongation of glycogen chains

ie, creation of a(1,4) glycosidic bonds by enzyme glycogen synthase

159
Q

Each glycogen chain how how many glucose residues?

A

12-14

160
Q

Protein that serves as primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted

A

Glycogenin

161
Q

Identify the 2 enzymes
G6P—>G1P
G1P + UTP —> UDP-Glucose

A

Phosphoglucomutase

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

162
Q

In glycogenesis, the rate limiting enzyme _____ forms _____ bonds between glucise residues. Hence, elongation of the chain

A

Glycogen synthase

a(1->4)

163
Q

In glycogenesis, branch formation is facilitated by ____ enzyme, which forms a(1->6) bonds by transferring 5 to 8 glucosyl residues

A 
Branching enzyme composed of
amylo a(1->4) to a(1->6) transglucosidase
164
Q

Alpha (1->4) glycogen bonds form at the (reducing/non-reducing end)

A

Non-reducing

ie, carbon 4

165
Q

Site of glycogenolysis

A

Liver and muscle

Cytosol

166
Q

Products of glycogenolysis

A

Glucose in liver

Glucose-6-phosphate in muscle

167
Q

Rate-limiting step for glycogenolysis

A

Shortening of glycogen chains

Enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase

168
Q

In glycogenolysis, shortening of chains proceeds with sequential cleavage of ____ bonds between glucosyl residues at the non-reducing end of the molecule

A

a(1->4)

169
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in glyconolysis and its coenzyme

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

Pyridoxal phosphate

170
Q

In glycogenolysis, shortening of chains stops when

A

When only 4 glucosyl units remain

Limit dextran

171
Q

Removal of branches in glycogenolysis is facilitated by what enzyme

A

Debranching enzyme composed of
a(1->4) glucantransferase
Amylo a(1->6) glucosidase

172
Q

In glycogenolysis, cleavage of what bonds yield free glucose

A

a(1->6)

173
Q

Enzyme for lysosomal degradation of glycogen and disease associated

A

Alpha (1->4) glucosidase aka acid maltase

Deficient in Pompe disease

174
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Activated by Glucose-6-phosphate

A

A

175
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Inhibited by ATP

A

B

176
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Activated by calcium (muscle)

A

B

177
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Activated by glucagon and epinephrine

A

B

178
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Inhibited by glucagon and epinephrine

A

A

179
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Activated by insulin

A

A

180
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Inhibited by insulin

A

B

181
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Active when phosphorylated

A

B

182
Q

A. Glycogen synthase/B. Glycogen phosphorylase

Active when dephosphorylated

A

A

183
Q

Phosphorylation of galactose into galactose 1 phosphate is facilitated by

A

Galactokinas

184
Q

Formation of UDP galactose is facilitaed by what enzyme

A

Galactose 1 P uridyl transferase (GALT)

185
Q

Identify enzyme that facilitates use of galactose as carbon source

A

UDP hexose 4 epimerase

Reaction: UDP galactose —> UDP glucose

186
Q

Identify enzyme deficiency
Cataracts in early childhood
Galactosemia, galactosuria
Autosomal recessive

A

Galactokinase deficiency

187
Q

Identify enzyme deficiency
Severe symptoms of galactosemia, galactosuria, cataracts, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice
Poor growth in children, severe mental retardarion, liver damage
Premature ovarian failure in children

A

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency

188
Q

Enxyme for phosphorylation of fructose

A

Fructokinase or hexokinase

189
Q

Identify enzyme

Fructose 1 P —> DHAP + glyceraldehyde

A

Aldolase B

190
Q

Clinical manifestation of essential fructosuria (fructokinase deficiency)

A

Asymtomatic

191
Q

Identify enzyme deficiency
Profound hypoglycemia and vomiting
Jaundice, hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, renal dysfunction, hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, death
Symptoms appear after waening from milk

A

Aldolase B deficiency

Hereditary fructose intolerance

192
Q

What pathway

Glucose—> Sorbitol —> Fructose

A

Polyol pathway

193
Q

In polyol pathway, what enzyme catalyzes this rxn

Glucose—> Sorbitol

A

Aldolase reductase

194
Q

Aldolase reductase used in polyol pathway is found in what tissues

A 
Lens
Retina
Schwann cells
Liver
Kidney
Placenta
RBC
Ovaries
Seminal vesicles
195
Q

Identify enzyme

Sorbitol—>fructose

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

196
Q

Give 3 tissues that contain enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase

A

Liver
Ovaries
Seminal vesicles

197
Q

T/F

Uronic acid pathway does not produce glucose

A

T

198
Q

Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose

And ascorbic acid in plants and animals

A

Uronic acid pathway

199
Q

Absence of this enzyme in guinea pigs and primates renders them incapable of synthesis of ascorbic acid

A

L gulonolactone oxidase

200
Q

Essential component of GAGs
Required in detox of insoluble compounds such as
Bilirubin, steroids, morphine and other drugs

A

Glucuronic acid

201
Q

Clinical manifestation of essential pentosuria

A

Increased xylulose in the urine

Xylulose reductase deficiency

202
Q

T/F Pentose phosphate pathway produces 10 ATP and consumes 2 ATP overall

A

F

PPP does not produce nor consume ATP

203
Q

2 products of PPP

A

NADPH

Ribose 5 phosphate for synthesis of nucleotides

204
Q

Where does PPP occur?

A

Cytosol
RBC
Tissues that produce lipids ( liver, adipose, adrenals, thyroid, testes, lactating mamaries

205
Q

Substrate for PPP

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

206
Q

Rate-limiting step for PPP and enzyme

A

Glucose 6 P—> 6 phosphogluconate

Enzyme: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

207
Q

2 phase of PPP

A

Oxidative (irreversible)

Non-oxidative (reversible)

208
Q

Key enzyme and products of oxidative phase if PPP

A

G6P dehydrogenase

2 NADPH
Ribulose 5 phosphate

209
Q

Key enzyme and products of non-oxidative phase of PPP

A

Transketolases( cofactors: thiamine
Transaldolases

Ribose 5 P
F6P
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

210
Q

Substrate for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acid synthesis and steroids
Glutathione reduction inside RBCs

A

NADPH

211
Q

Most common disease producing enzyme in humans

A

G6PD

212
Q

Precipitating factors for G6PD

A

Infection (most common)
Drugs (sulfonamides, primaquine, chloramphenicol)
Fava beans

213
Q

Altered hemoglobin that precipitates within RBCs

A

Heinz bodies

214
Q

Abnormally shaped RBCs due to phagocytic removal of Heinz bodies in spleen

A

Bite cells

215
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease is caused by deficiency of what enzyme

A

NADPH oxidase

216
Q

Enzyme that converts molecular oxygen into superoxide in leukocytes (especially netrophils and macrophages) used in the respiratory burst that kills bacteria

A

NDPH oxidase

Biochemistry by mgcMD (19 decks)

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