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BIOCHEM ✨ > Carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Major source of energy in the body

A

Glucose

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1
Q

Other name of Glycolysis

A

Embden Meyerhof

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occurs? (Found in)

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

2 types of glycolysis

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

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4
Q

Occurs in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

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5
Q

Absence or low oxygen tension

A

Anaerobic

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6
Q

Phase: Step 1 to step 5

A

Preparatory phase

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7
Q

ATP is invested / expended / used

A

Preparatory phase

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8
Q

ATP is synthesized : step 6-10

A

Pay-off phase

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9
Q

Cannot go glycolysis directly

Trap the glucose

A

Step 1: Phosphorylation of glucose

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10
Q

Step 1:

Enzyme:

A

Phosphorylation of Glucose

Hexokinase
Glucokinase

Irreversible

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11
Q

Why does glycolysis cannot go directly in step1?

A

Because glucose can easily be diffused in the blood

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12
Q

To trap the glucose it must undergo?

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q 
Used when glycolysis occurs in the liver 
Low affinity to glucose 
Not inhibited by its product
Active after meals
Large KM
A

Glucokinase

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14
Q

Occurs in the other organs of the body / muscle cells / other tissues
Higher affinity to glucose
INHIBITED by its product
Small KM

A

Hexokinase

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15
Q

Product of Glucokinase

A

Glucose 6 phosphate

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16
Q

Step 2:

Enzyme:

A

Conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate

Phosphohexose isomerase

Reversible

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17
Q

Common of step 1 and 3

A

Both has Magnesium and ATP

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18
Q

Repel the negative charges of the phosphate group

A

Magnesium

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19
Q

Conversion of pyran to furan

Split the glucose

A

Step 2: Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate

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20
Q

Step 3:

Enzyme:

A

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1-6, Biphosphate

Phosphofructokinase 1

Irreversible (2nd)

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21
Q

Important player in glycolysis

Catalyzes committed step

A

Phosphofrutokinase 1 (PFK 1)

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22
Q

Step 4:

Enzyme:

A

Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

Aldolase

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23
Q

How many carbons in fructose 1,6 Biphosphate?

A

6 carbons

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24
Q

Breaking / splitting 6 carbon to 3 carbon

A

Step 4: cleavage of fructose 1,6- Biphosphate

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25
Q

2 high energy compounds

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

26
Q

Forms when 6C splits to 3C

Both TRIOSES

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

27
Q

Used in bacteria and fungi

A

Type 2 aldolase

28
Q

Used in humans and animals

A

Type 1 aldolase

29
Q

Step 5:

Enzyme:

A

Interconversion of the triose phosphate

Triose phosphate isomerase

30
Q

The only one to go to the next step

End step of preparatory stage

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

31
Q

Forming ATP

A

Pay-off phase

32
Q

Step 6:

Enzyme:

A

Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate to 1,3- Biphosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase

33
Q 
Electron carrier
ATP carrier (3)
A

NADH

34
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-P + inorganic phosphate

A

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

35
Q

High energy phosphate

A

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

36
Q

ADP + Phosphoryl group

A

ATP

37
Q

Step 7:

Enzyme:

A

Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate to ADP

Phosphoglycerate kinase

38
Q

Substrate level of Phosphorylation

A

Step 7: Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate to ADP

39
Q

Step 8:

Enzyme:

A

Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2 Phosphoglycerate

E: Phosphoglycerate mutase

40
Q

Step 9:

Enzyme:

A

Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate

Enolase

41
Q

High energy phosphate

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

42
Q

Step 10:

Enzyme:

A

Transfer of Phosphoryl group from Phosphoenolpyruvafe to ADP

E: Pyruvate kinase

43
Q

Second substrate level of phosphorylation in payoff stage

has a very large Negative standard free energy change

Irreversible (3rd)

A

Step 10: Transfer of Phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP

44
Q

Has ability to transfer Phosphoryl group

A

Kinase

45
Q

Enzymes that can undergo substrate level phosphorylation

A

Pyruvate kinase

Phosphoglycerate kinase

46
Q

Input of 1 glucose, 2 ATP

Output of 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P molecules (GAP)

A

Preparatory phase

47
Q

Input of 1-GAP molecule

Output of 2 ATP and 1 NADH2

A

Pay-off phase

48
Q

Glucose undergo GLYCOLYSIS and KREBS CYCLE

A

Complete oxidation

49
Q

Shuttle Mechanisms

A

Malate-Aspartate shuttle

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

50
Q

Enter the ETC through complex I
most active in LIVER, KIDNEY, HEART, MITOCHONDRIA

REVERSIBLE

A

Malate Aspartate shuttle

51
Q

Enter the ETc through COMPLEX II

active in SKELETAL MUSCLE and BRAIN

IRREVERSIBLE

A

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

52
Q

Transferring an amino group (Aspartate to glutamate)

A

Transaminations

53
Q

8 ATP

A

Malate

54
Q

6 ATP

A

Glycerol

55
Q

3 Irreversible kinase reactions

A

Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase 1
Pyruvate Kinase

56
Q

2 products of Anaerobic

A

Lactate

Ethanol

57
Q

Forms when there is rapidly contracting muscle// RBC

A

Lactate

58
Q

Process of ethanol + Co2

A

Fermentation

59
Q

Regulating enzymes ; catalyze irreversible steps

A

Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase 1
Pyruvate Kinase

60
Q

Hormones

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Insulin
Somastotin

61
Q

Found in muscle ; Low KM
Inhibitor:
Activator:

A

Hexokinase
I: Glucose 6-phosphate
A: Glucose

62
Q

Found in the liver ; High KM
Inhibitor:
Activator:

A

Glucokinase
I: P6P
A: glucose
Insulin

BIOCHEM ✨ (12 decks)

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